Thidiazuron stimulates germination and ethylene production in Striga hermonthica comparison with the effects of GR24, ethylene and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid. Plant Microbe Interact. 10.1016/1049-9644(92)90021-5 (1995). According with pot experiments carried out in the tomato-P. aegyptiaca system, deep-plowing bringing the seeds to depth 12 cm will strongly reduce broomrape infection severity in terms of number of parasites, total parasitic biomass, delayed broomrape emergence and prevention of flower initiation and seed set (Eizenberg et al., 2007). Neither nitrogen nor lipid content change significantly during conditioning, while carbohydrate metabolism and protein synthesis seems to be crucial (Bar-Nun and Mayer, 1993, 2002; Mayer and Bar-Nun, 1994, 1997). Front. Are pectinolytic activities of Orobanche cumana seedlings related to virulence towards sunflower? Once ground has been infested, crop options for the field are extremely limited for a long period of time. 44, 22212229. Plants (Basel). Z., Huang, K., Wickett, N. J., Alford, S., et al. Jan 07, 2016. scott lewis fox 2 detroit. Haustorium 65, 56. Mediterr. Despite the reports of broomrape inefficient machinery for nitrogen assimilation and broomrape dependence for host-derived organic forms of nitrogen demonstrated by the fact that broomrape growth is arrested when feeding on host cultivars with decreased amino acid-phloem levels (Abbes et al., 2009), inhibition of enzymes at the top of amino-acid biosynthetic pathway by means of either direct inhibitory action of herbicides (Gressel, 2009) or by feedback inhibition induced by amino-acid end-products (Vurro et al., 2006) are able to kill broomrape. Benzo-(1,2,3)-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH) acts as a functional analog of SA and activates defense responses in susceptible hosts leading to lignification of the endodermis and a consequent inhibition to up to 98% broomrape parasitism (Gonsior et al., 2004; Prez-de-Luque et al., 2004; Kusumoto et al., 2007). Mater. excrete enzymes with carbohydrase activity. Mabrouk, Y., Simier, P., Arfaoui, A., Sifi, B., Delavault, P., Zourgui, L., et al. (2009a). 19, 217231. (2007a). If successful, these studies could develop a strategy to limit the damage from broomrape if it becomes established and the strict quarantine is lifted. Sources of natural resistance based on reduced release of haustorium-inducing factors is a doubly interesting strategy to inhibit broomrape parasitism because not only it prevents broomrape parasitism in the current crop, but also it promotes the demise of the seed bank by promoting suicidal germination. Broomrape seed bank presents annual cycles of non-deep physiological dormancy induced by seasonal changes in climatic conditions. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2015.06.038, Mauromicale, G., Lo Monaco, A., and Longo, M. G. A. Weed Res. Crop Prot. 62, 70637071. doi: 10.2135/cropsci2004.2221. The points of vulnerability of some underground events, key for their parasitism such as crop-induced germination or haustorial development are reviewed as inhibition targets of the broomrape-crop association. (2005). Abbasher A. Pest Manag. This study evaluated the relationship between small broomrape devel-opment and temperature with red clover as a host plant. a close related parasitic weed genus, but these hormones are ineffective in promoting germination of broomrape weeds (Lieberman, 1979; Logan and Stewart, 1995; Berner et al., 1999; Joel, 2000; Toh et al., 2012). doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2007.00583.x, Mabrouk, Y., Zourgui, L., Sifi, B., Delavault, P., Simier, P., and Belhadj, O. doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)90779-9, Bar-Nun, N., and Mayer, A. M. (2002). This may well-explain why some several decades of parasitic plant research have not end up with satisfying and largely available tools for controlling this parasitic plant. Effects of environmental factors on dormancy and germination of crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata). Haustorium-inducing factors are structurally similar to allelopathic phytotoxins and gene expression of parasitic radicles exposed to haustorium-inducing factors is similar to that after radicle is exposed to phytotoxins (Tomilov et al., 2006). doi: 10.1002/9780470168011.ch4, Joel, D. M., Kleifeld, Y., Losner-Goshen, D., Herzlinger, G., and Gressel, J. This technique promotes the host plant to fulfill its required thermal time to flower in a shorter number of days, making the grain filling period shorter. This strategy to abort broomrape invasion requires regulating the toxin production with promoters specifically induced around the site of Orobanche penetration such as the HMG2 promoter, ensuring correct delivery of the toxic effect to the broomrape penetrating seedling and overall low concentration of the toxin in the rhizosphere. Sci. (2007). Still, as the parasite is synchronized on the crop development this means in some cases that the change disfavoring the parasite could also limit the maximum potential yield for the crop. Control 15, 274282. If this works, it will be easy to implement through the fertilizer system.. Isr. Field Crops Res. 171, 501523. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. It has no root cap and does not develop procambium or conductive tissues (Joel and Losner-Goshen, 1994). Pest Manag. The transfer of nutrients from host to broomrape is performed through a continuous vascular system at the host-parasite interface. Strigolactone analogs derived from ketones using a working model for germination stimulants as a blueprint. 14, 227236. Breeding approaches for crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata Forsk.) Dry matter production and partitioning in the host-parasite association Vicia fabaOrobanche crenata. Broomrape tubercles accumulate host-derived nitrogen in the form of either arginine or in the arginine and aspartate pair (Nandula et al., 2000; Abbes et al., 2009). Chemical signalling between plants: mechanistic similarities between phytotoxic allelopathy and host recognition by parasitic plants, in Chemical Ecology: From Gene to Ecosystem, eds M. Dicke and W. Takken (Dordrecht: Springer), 5569. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. 8600 Rockville Pike Agron. The Biology of Parasitic Fowering Plants. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.1995.tb01641.x, Gomez-Roldan, V., Fermas, S., Brewer, P. B., Puech-Pages, V., Dun, E. A., Pillot, J. P., et al. The re-emergence of branched broomrape in California is of concern to the processing tomato industry as: 1) the experience in other regions of the world has demonstrated the extreme vulnerability of tomato to branched broomrape parasitism, 2) broomrapes seem likely to rapidly establish and spread in California because of the similarity to the species' native climate, (3) repeated cultivation . Glutamine synthetase isozymes of Striga hermonthica and other angiosperm root parasites. Biological regulation of broomrapes. broomrape and bursage relationship. Besides the demethylation of PrCYP707A1 promoter required for host-dependent PrCYP707A1 expression, the high levels of global DNA demethylation observed at the end of conditioning period suggest that the epigenetic process occurring during the conditioning phase may be targeting other unknown molecules during conditioning. 120, 328337. J. Exp. Botany 88, 839849. Sauerborn, J. In this regard, France is doing valuable work through the Technical Center for Oilseed Crops and Industrial Hemp, Terresinovia, where a nationwide survey of infested fields is actualized online on real time by the farmers with new cases emerging every year and recently toward new regions such as the French Centre region1 Several studies suggest that large areas of new territory are at risk of invasion by broomrape (Mohamed et al., 2006; Grenz and Sauerborn, 2007), and in fact, invasions in completely new regions are already emerging in countries such as Spain, UK, France, Algeria, Ethiopia, Egypt, Sudan (Reda, 2006; Babiker et al., 2007; Babiker, 2008; Rubiales et al., 2008; Abu-Irmaileh and Labrada, 2009; Parker, 2014). Isr. Phytochemistry 109, 5765. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01787.x. The amino acid approach to control weeds is inspired on the concept of frenching disease where amino acid end-product inhibits the activity of a controlling enzyme in the amino acid biosynthesis pathway (Vurro et al., 2006, 2009; Sands and Pilgeram, 2009). (2012). The first step of conditioning promotes in the parasitic seed receptors the required sensitivity for the second step of host detection (Musselman, 1980; Kebreab and Murdoch, 1999; Lechat et al., 2012, 2015; Murdoch and Kebreab, 2013). Biocontrol Sci. Copyright 2016 Fernndez-Aparicio, Reboud and Gibot-Leclerc. Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Soto, M. J., Rubiales, D., Ocampo, J. Nature 455, 195200. Haustorium 53, 13. Plant Growth Regul. 18, 643649. Influence of nitrogen on germination and early development of broomrape (Orobanche spp.). doi: 10.1006/anbo.1996.0385, Drr, I., and Kollmann, R. (1995). Due to their physical and metabolic overlap with the crop, their underground parasitism, their achlorophyllous nature, and hardly destructible seed bank, broomrape weeds are usually not controlled by management strategies designed for non-parasitic weeds. Possible involvement of gibberellins and ethylene in Orobanche ramosa germination. Emerged small broomrape stalks in a red clover seed production eld. Res. doi: 10.1051/agro:2003016, Rubiales, D., Prez-de-Luque, A., Joel, D. M., Alcantara, C., and Sillero, J. C. (2003b). The relationship between the organic nitrogen status of Egyptian broomrape and one of its hosts, carrot, was studied by comparing amino acid profiles of leaf and root tissues of nonparasitized and broomrape-parasitized carrot plants and by analyzing amino acid profiles of broomrape at different growth stages. Jan 08, 2016. government site. -, Abbes Z., Kharrat M., Delavault P., Chabi W., Simier P. (2009). One could even imagine situation (2014). Broomrape attack is more severe on crops growing in low fertility soils. Sci. Most species are primarily subterranean and appear aboveground only to reproduce. Host plant resistance to parasitic weeds; recent progress and bottlenecks. Small broomrape parasitism in red clover is temperature related. In Vitro Cell. 30, 533591. (2009). doi: 10.1016/S0261-2194(00)00100-9, Joel, D. M. (2009). doi: 10.1080/09583150903340544, Barker, E. R., Press, M. C., Scholes, J. D., and Quick, W. P. (1996). Technol. However, it is a long-term strategy due to the long viability of seed bank (Rubiales et al., 2009b), which requires at least a nine-course rotation in order to prevent broomrape seed bank increases (Grenz et al., 2005). Weed Sci. 18 Sep 2020. It is important for broomrape to initiate parasitism in young crops otherwise host reproductive organs in the rapid seed-filling stage will be able to endure a delayed parasitism by establishing a stronger competition with parasitic sinks (Manschadi et al., 1996; Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2009a, 2012a). New Phytol. 25, 9931004. -. Induced resistance an innovative approach to manage branched broomrape (Orobanche ramosa) in hemp and tobacco. (2000). These efforts were so successful that no industry dollars have gone to this problem since then, until now.. Symplasmic sieve element continuity between Orobanche and its host. News Bull. Ann. Metabolites. Haustorium allows broomrape to attack crops by successive functions, first as host-adhesion organ, and subsequently as invasive organ toward host vascular system where finally establishes vascular continuity allowing the parasite to withdraw water and nutrients from the host (Riopel and Timko, 1995; Joel, 2013). Therefore broomrape seeds timely gain sensitivity for host chemodetection by means of conditioning (Lpez-Granados and Garca-Torres, 1996). Successful reduction of broomrape parasitism in the current crop is obtained by intercropping host species with inhibitory species of cereals, fenugreek, or berseem clover (Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2007, 2008b, 2010a). 7:135. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00135. (2000). Its efficacy for broomrape cultural control can be increased if the farmer includes trap and/or catch crops as components in the rotation (Rubiales et al., 2009b). Acta 108, 4755. S. J. Ter Borg (Wageningen: LH/VPO), 2534. (2007b). doi: 10.1007/s11103-008-9429-y. Major feasible strategies for controlling broomrape and gain productivity in the current crop are those based on cultural practices that promote host scape to parasitic damage by improving host sink competitiveness, selective chemical control of the parasite via the haustorium, and host resistance based in physical, chemical barriers and physiological incompatibility. (2004). Agric. The physiology and biochemistry of parasitic angiosperms. Escape and true resistance to crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata Forsk.) Syst. doi: 10.1038/nature03608, Albrecht, H., Yoder, J. I., and Phillips, D. A. Broomrape seed bank remains viable in the soil for many years until germination is triggered by the coincidence of several physical and chemical factors that are indicative of environmental conditions for successful seedling establishment: i.e., the nearby growth of a host plant in a physiological stage susceptible for broomrape invasion and subsequent parasitic reproductive growth (Linke and Saxena, 1991; Lpez-Granados and Garca-Torres, 1996, 1999). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. These stages constitute sites of broomrape metabolism at which it is possible to design successful strategies to inhibit its sophisticated parasitism. 65, 492496. For instance, root exudates of field pea induces high germination of the very destructive broomrape species O. crenata, O. foetida, O. minor, and P. aegyptiaca, however, it only becomes infected by O. crenata therefore pea may theoretically be a good trap crop against O. foetida, O. minor, and P. aegyptiaca but not for O. crenata infested field (Fernndez-Aparicio and Rubiales, 2012). Rev. Crop Prot. In other pathosystems, amino acids such as D-L--amino-n-butyric acid or L-methionine induce resistance in crop plants against pathogen attack. 19, 753758. Plants (Basel). 51, 44874503. In addition it promotes the development of a layer of papillae at the radicle apex in the absence of host contact, morphology that resembles the attachment organ (Joel and Losner-Goshen, 1994; Cimmino et al., 2015). Biol. doi: 10.1614/WS-06-135, Evidente, A., Cimmino, A., Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Andolfi, A., Rubiales, D., and Motta, A. Orobanche aegyptiaca control in tomato fields with sulfonylurea herbicides. consultancy for, shared ownership in or any close relationship with, at any time over the preceding 36 months, any organisation whose interests may be affected by the publication of the response. Reviewed in Joel et al. Plant Physiol. and other fungi as biological control agents of broomrape (Orobanche ramosa). doi: 10.1111/j.1366-9516.2005.00179.x, Parker, C. (2009). seed germination and radicle growth. (1999). Sudan J. Agric. Once broomrape has established connection with the vascular system of its hosts, broomrape management should be performed quickly to abort at earlier stages the strong parasitic sink for nutrients and water. 51, 702707. They are exuded by the crop to the rhizosphere under nutrient deficient conditions in order to promote symbiotic interactions (Akiyama et al., 2005). The ability of L-methionine to stop the entrance of broomrape intrusive cells into the host-root layers has not been studied. The apical cells in the radicle apex develop into intrusive cells, which successively invade host root cortex, endodermis, and the central cylinder. (2012). Delaying sowing date has, however, a general drawback by reducing yield potential under normal development so that plant breeding program tend generally to favor long lasting cultivars with early sowing dates. Seed conditioning and its role in Orobanche seed germination: inhibition by paclobutrazol, in Progress in Orobanche Research. A novel metabolite, ryecyanatine-A recently isolated from rye (Secale cereale L.), presents potential for broomrape control by promoting rapid cessation of broomrape radicle growth and therefore inhibiting its ability to reach the host. doi: 10.1006/anbo.1998.0629, Johnson, A. W., Rosebery, G., and Parker, C. (1976). Technologies for smart chemical control of broomrape (Orobanche spp. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.1988.tb00778.x. Food Chem. doi: 10.1579/05-R-051R.1. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Westwood, J. H., dePamphilis, C. W., Das, M., Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Honaas, L. A., Timko, M. P., et al. In addition, the parasitic-specific receptor KAI2d that enables host detection in broomrapes has recently been identified. Science 349, 540543. Westwood, J. H., and Foy, C. L. (1999). The promotion of germination of dormant weed seeds by substituted phthalimides and gibberellic acid. Instead an integrated control program including a battery of broomrape-specific measurements is preferable. Elicitation of defense related enzymes and resistance by L-methionine in pearl millet against downy mildew disease caused by Sclerospora graminicola. The timing of germination is the most crucial event that obligated parasitic plants face along their life cycle (Figure 2C). Ann. doi: 10.1093/pcp/pcr176. Like most seeds, broomrape seeds are resistant to rapid microbial degradation due to phenols located in its testa (Cezard, 1973). Sources of low-inducers genotypes exist in crops species attacked by the close related parasitic weed Striga (Rich et al., 2004). doi: 10.1093/jxb/50.331.211, Kebreab, E., and Murdoch, A. J. 19, 211236. Control of Orobanche aegyptiaca with sulfonylurea herbicides in tomatopolyethylene bag studies, in International Parasitic Weed Symposium, eds A. Fer, P. Thalouarn, D. M. Joel, C. Musselman, and J. Striga resistance in the wild relatives of sorghum. control. 79, 463472. 56, 574581. Metabolism during preconditioning and germination of Orobanche aegyptiaca, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Orobanche and related Striga Research: Biology and management of Orobanche, eds A. H. Pieterse, J. broomrape and bursage relationship. Vaucher, J. P. (1823). Lins, R. D., Colquhoun, J. Weed Biol. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2007.00548.x. doi: 10.1016/j.pbi.2010.04.011, Yoneyama, K., Xie, X., Kim, H. I., Kisugi, T., Nomura, T., Sekimoto, H., et al. Resistance and avoidance against Orobanche crenata in pea (Pisum spp.) Phytopathol. Flowchart showing major underground parasitic events developed by broomrape weeds on susceptible crops and the control strategies that successfully target them. Germination of Orobanche seeds: some aspects of metabolism during preconditioning, in Basic and Applied Aspects of Seed Biology, eds R. H. Ellis, M. Black, A. J. Murdoch, and T. D. S. Hing (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers), 633639. doi: 10.1002/ps.1713. Epub 2018 Jul 3. doi: 10.1614/WS-07-049.1, Liu, Q., Zhang, Y., Matusova, R., Charnikhova, T., Amini, M., Jamil, M., et al. doi: 10.1021/jf5027235, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., and Rubiales, D. (2012). Plant. 12, 722865. Control 30, 212219. The role of strigolactones in host specificity of Orobanche and Phelipanche seed germination. Manschadi, A. M., Kroschel, J., and Sauerborn, J. Annu. Field response of Lathyrus cicera germplasm to crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata). doi: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.09.142, Fernandez, J., and Ingber, D. (2013). B., Pron, T., Gauthier, M., Montiel, G., Veronesi, C., et al. Rev. Plant Mol. Weed Sci. doi: 10.1002/ps.1742, Vurro, M., Boari, A., Pilgeram, A. L., and Sands, D. C. (2006). Kuijt, J. doi: 10.1002/ps.1716. 62, 1048510492. Understanding the key processes of host recognition, haustorium development and maturation and metabolic regulation of the parasitic sink allow virulence predictions and the design and implementation of highly calibrated, feasible, and durable control strategies leading to the arrest of broomrape parasitism minimizing simultaneously environmental impact and yield losses. 70, 224229. Mayer, A. M., and Bar-Nun, N. (1997). (A) Fructification and dehiscence of capsules containing mature seeds; (B) microscopic view of a seed (size ranging 0.2-2 mm) that undergoes sucessive dispersal, primary dormancy and annual release of secondary dormancy; (C) broomrape embryo does not develop morphologycaly identified cotyledons or shoot meristem and . Plant. Transgenic crops against parasites. Keyes, W. J., Palmer, A. G., Erbil, W. K., Taylor, J. V., Apkarian, R. P., Weeks, E. R., et al. J. Agric. Weed Sci. Plant Microbe Interact. Some of the strategies discussed in previous sections such as biological control maintain their control action at post-attachment stages and will not be discussed again in this section. In vitro treatments of a large range of sulfonylurea herbicides inhibit broomrape germination and radicle elongation (Hershenhorn et al., 1998; Plakhine et al., 2001). Plant Biol. Germination ecophysiology, in Parasitic Orobanchaceae, eds D. M. Joel, J. Gressel, and L. J. Musselman (Heidelberg: Springer Berlin), 195219. Res. (2008). GA acts positively on germination in dormant non-parasitic species by counteracting ABA (Seo et al., 2009). Being deprived of the initiation of autotrophic mode of life, the growth of broomrape seedling toward the host is only sustained by water absorption and remobilization of reserve nutrients from the seed perisperm and endosperm (Joel, 2000; Joel et al., 2012). Phthalimide-lactones stimulate germination of parasitic weeds, in Proceedings of the XXXV Biennial Meeting of the Spanish Royal Society of Chemistry, eds J. Plant J. Accordingly, broomrape seed conditioning induces a decrease in ABA levels (Chae et al., 2004; Lechat et al., 2012) and GA synthesis (Joel et al., 1991; Zehhar et al., 2002). Invertases involved in the development of the parasitic plant Phelipanche ramosa: characterization of the dominant soluble acid isoform, PrSAI1. 28 Articles, This article is part of the Research Topic, Specialized Mechanisms in Broomrape Weeds for a Parasitic Mode of Life, Control Strategies Targeting Underground Broomrape Stages, http://www.terresinovia.fr/orobanche/carte.php, www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPP/IPM/Weeds/Issues/orobanche.htm, www.epa.gov/opprd001/inerts_list4Bname.pdf, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Reda, F. (2006). Disclaimer. Biomol. Crop Sci. 43, 808815. Few days after host vascular connection, the part of the broomrape seedling that remains outside the host root develops into a storage organ called tubercle. 103, 423431. Omissions? Certain amino acids strongly inhibit the early development of broomrape without phytotoxic effects in the host (Vurro et al., 2006). In addition it also varies considerably in crops growing under different physiological status, growth stages and growing seasons, allowing broomrape to synchronize its germination with physiologically suitable hosts (Lpez-Granados and Garca-Torres, 1996; Yoneyama et al., 2007a,b; Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2009b, 2014; Xie et al., 2010). They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. (2009). Systemic translocation of nanoencapsulated herbicides could improve this herbicidal approach (Prez-de-Luque and Rubiales, 2009). J. Exp. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Hot air temperature and clear skies are required during the solarization period. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.01.037, Joel, D. M., Hershenhorn, J., Eizenberg, H., Aly, R., Ejeta, G., Rich, P. J., et al. Review of the systematics of Scrophulariaceae s.l. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Biol. Sci. Potential trap crops have been suggested for broomrape weeds (Parker and Riches, 1993). Received: 07 October 2015; Accepted: 12 January 2016;Published: 19 February 2016. 11, 530536. doi: 10.2478/jppr-2014-0023, Hearne, S. J. If left uncontrolled during one or a few seasons, broomrape weeds build a hardly destructible seed bank in agricultural soils that further renovates at a rate of millions of seeds per ha each year a susceptible crop is infested. The advantage of this approach using fungi is that it can be used in absence of host cultivation (Thomas et al., 1999). Umehara, M., Hanada, A., Yoshida, S., Akiyama, K., Arite, T., Takeda-Kamiya, N., et al. Weed Sci. In addition, inhibitors of ABA catabolism inhibit the germination-triggering effect of host-derived strigolactones. 6, 143. Shortly after host penetration and connection, the parasite begins its heterotrophic growth at the expense of host resources. The terminal haustorium develops at the apex of the seedling radicle upon host recognition (Musselman, 1980; Joel and Losner-Goshen, 1994). Ann. (2013). (1980). doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2006.10.012, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Yoneyama, K., and Rubiales, D. (2011). Plant Cell Environ. Annu. Based on the results obtained in their greenhouse experiments, these authors recommended field doses of 1.6 kg ha1 for crop densities of 32,000 tobacco plants ha1. Barry M. Goldwater Range (BMGR), West Cultural Affiliation Study. Sauerborn, J., Linke, K. H., Saxena, M. C., and Koch, W. (1989). Bot. doi: 10.5423/PPJ.2004.20.2.081, Hasabi, V., Askari, H., Alavi, S. M., and Zamanizadeh, H. (2014). doi: 10.1071/SB05009, Thomas, H., Heller, A., Sauerborn, J., and Mller-Stver, D. (1999). While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. PLoS ONE 7:e49273. doi: 10.1021/jf5027235, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Kisugi, T., Xie, X., Rubiales, D., and Yoneyama, K. (2014). Before The advances yielded as intense research made connects the major critical steps of the life cycle of Orobanche, the external factors influencing it either through molecular dialog between the parasite and the crop or the soil and climatic environmental conditions naturally opens the way toward the potential effect of the cropping system in limiting broomrape parasitism: choice of the crop, timing, plant protection, soil perturbation, fertilization, etc. Parasitic plants probably evolved to recruit plant defense molecules as host recognition cues (Atsatt, 1977; Matvienko et al., 2001; Bandaranayake and Yoder, 2013). Ryecyanatines A and B and ryecarbonitrilines A and B, substituted cyanatophenol, cyanato-benzo[1,3] diole, and benzo[1,3]dioxolecarbonitriles from rye (Secale cereale L.) root exudates: new metabolites with allelophatic activity on Orobanche seed germination and radicle growth.