2 0 obj<>stream "Errors and biases in our impressions of others are caused by motivations." This is true in what view of the social thinker? [36] These two cognitive processing systems are not separate and can have interactions with each other. 26 0 obj Harvard cognitive scientist David Perkins coined the term "mindware" to refer to the rules, data, procedures, strategies and other cognitive tools (knowledge of probability, logic and. /GS7 27 0 R The meaning seeker theory reject both metaphors of human cognitive behaviors of cognitive miser and motivated tactician. -They would overbook places, give one group food that was better, etc. What two factors explain the bystander effect: What is pluralistic ignorance? >> /Resources << [15] Fiske and Taylor, building upon the prevalence of heuristics in human cognition, offered their theory of the cognitive miser. what other things is equivalent to and what other things are different from (, -Categories <> What is a meta-analysis? DanielKahneman described these as intuitive (System 1) and reasoning (System 2) respectively.[36]. 23 0 obj . Although Lippmann did not directly define the term cognitive miser, stereotypes have important functions in simplifying people's thinking process. >> Motivation does affect the activation and use of stereotypes and prejudices. It is, in many ways, a unifying theory which suggests that humans engage in economically prudent thought processes, instead of acting like scientists who rationally weigh costs and benefits, test hypothesis, and update expectations based upon the results of the experiments that are our everyday actions. Which is viewed as more homogeneous? /F3 23 0 R >> endobj Sometimes leads us to hold on to incorrect and negativebeliefs/schemas. Introduce and define the consistency seeker, nave scientist, and the cognitive miser philosophical anthropologies. /LastChar 32 /GS8 28 0 R [2] In other words, humans are more inclined to act as cognitive misers using mental short cuts to make assessments and decisions, about issues and ideas about which they know very little as well as issues of great salience. as. /Artifact /Sect /Chart /Sect Versailles Co., a womens clothing store, purchased $18,000\$18,000$18,000 of merchandise from a supplier on account, terms FOB destination, 2/102/102/10, n/30\text{n}/30n/30. When does anonymity lead to negative social behaviors? Much of the cognitive miser theory is built upon work done on heuristicsinjudgmentanddecision-making,[15][pageneeded] most notably AmosTversky and DanielKahneman results published in a series of influential articles. >> Introducing Cram Folders! perception of our world. /S /Transparency [23], Cognitive misers could also be one of the contributors to the prisoner's dilemma in gaming theory. if we can find evidence that matches hypothesis is true The source code for the WIKI 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the Mozilla Foundation, Google, and Apple. 4,000 & 9,000 \\ [2], The metaphor of the cognitive miser assumes that the human mind is limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding On the other hand, in Lippmann's view, people are told about the world before they see it. What is in-group bias? Thus, people usually do not think rationally, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments and only engage in careful, thoughtful processing when necessary. Interests require cognitive attention, even calculation. Instead, Fiske, Taylor, and Arie W. Kruglanski and other social psychologists offer an alternative explanation of social cognition: the motivated tactician. /Contents 39 0 R [12], The study of attributions had two effects: it created further interest in testing the naive scientist and opened up a new wave of social psychology research that questioned its explanatory power. 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R] as a representative of a group or an individual separate from any category >> [8] In this way, humans were thought to think like scientists, albeit nave ones, measuring and analyzing the world around them. /F2 22 0 R ETSU Online Programs - http://www.etsu.edu/onlineModule 4 - Social Psychology: Cognitive Misers, Schemas, & Social CognitionMOD 04 EP 15 /Tabs /S What is the difference between them? How does a "cognitive miser" reason? /ExtGState << /Tabs /S /CS /DeviceRGB What is the probability that he will be a good president?" /Font << 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Identify three specific concepts that support the logic of each philosophical anthropology (you should be discussing a total of 9 supporting concepts). /CS /DeviceRGB /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] If you (or your child) are prone to any of these, you just might be a cognitive miser:. [9][pageneeded] Some of these heuristics include: The frequency with which Kahneman and Tversky and other attribution researchers found the individuals employed mental shortcuts to make decisions and assessments laid important groundwork for the overarching idea that individuals and their minds act efficiently instead of analytically. Gordon . 3 [114 0 R 115 0 R 116 0 R 117 0 R 118 0 R 119 0 R 120 0 R 121 0 R 122 0 R 123 0 R Samuel Popkin argues that voters make rational choices by using information shortcuts that they receive during campaigns, usually using something akin to a drunkard's search. /F5 25 0 R To save cognitive energy, cognitive misers tend to assume that other people are similar to themselves. 3,000 & 10,000 \\ 24 0 obj /S /Transparency /Group << [18] However, in relying upon heuristics instead of detailed analysis, like the information processing employed by Heider's nave scientist, biased information processing is more likely to occur. How did the Robber's Cave researchers reduce inter-group hostility? /F3 23 0 R The last chapter ended with a new model of the social knower, able to function strategically as either naive scientist or cognitive miser. What are behavioral consequences of the threat of isolation? Contrast the wage and salary share to the profit share in terms of relative size. Here is an example of how people's belief are formed under the dual process model in several steps: The reasoning process can be activated to help with the intuition when: Conflicts also exists in this dual-process. /Type /Pages /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] schemas create theories about how features go together and why, helps determine category membership, expertise affects the way we classify objects, classifying things according to how similar they are to the typical case, example of representativeness heuristic in medicine, the medicine should look like the disease eat bats for blindness, failure to recognize the the co-occurrence of two outcomes cannot be greater than the probability of each outcome alone, making judgments about the frequency or likelihood of an event based on the ease with which evidence or examples come to mind, tendency to assume that one has contributed more than their fair share to joint endeavors, spouses and house work How does social facilitation affect the performance of tasks that are simple/well practiced? << Just as the behaviorist, reinforced leaner gave way to actively thinking organisms throughout the formative periods of social-cognition research, so too did view of the social thinker develop, roughly divided by decade: the naive scientist (1970s), the cognitive miser (1980s), the motivated tactician (1990s), and the activated actor (2000s). we want consistency between prior beliefs about the world and our interpretations of new situations, individuals gather relevant information un-selectively and construct social reality in an unbiased way, strives to simplify cognitive process specifically under time pressure, many strategies depending on the situation important -> naive scientist, a class of objects that we believe belong together, schema can be defined by list of necessary and sufficient attributes, hard to specify defining features/members vary a great deal in their typically/ some cases are unclear, categories are organized around attibutes that are only characteristic of the category; they don't define it, prototype view- representation is abstracted list of most characteristic feature endobj /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] >> >> -WEIRD: White, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic -Americans had no problems with the original tst, easterners struggled until the second test when there was a group setting. students and group work, are you assertive? Activated actor c. Cognitive miser d. Motivated tactician 11. >> /Font << /F2 22 0 R /LastChar 116 Fiske and Taylor argue that acting as cognitive misers is rational due to the sheer volume and intensity of information and stimuli humans intake. -Conformity: The "motivated tactician" model is best described by which of the following? objects can be similar or dissimilar on an infinite number of dimensions. -automatic responses, eye contact, speech problems, etc, -Minimal intergroup paradigm: the minimal conditions required for discrimination to occur between groups. Before this, human thinking was. When does it occur? What factors affect obedience? In what ways do we view members of our In-group differently from out-groups? Rationality and the reflective mind . When processing with System 2, people allocate attention to effortful mental activities required, and can construct thoughts in an orderly series of steps. endobj This kind of categorical thinking give meaning to social stimuli under adverse or difficult processing conditions.[41]. First proposed in 1958 by FritzHeider in The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations, this theory holds that humans think and act with dispassionate rationality whilst engaging in detailed and nuanced thought processes for both complex and routine actions. attribution theory participants can and do use complex systems but only under 28 0 obj << However, other psychologists also argue that the cognitively miserly tendency of humans is a primary reason why "humans are often less than rational". /Type /Page >> 5 [166 0 R 167 0 R 168 0 R 169 0 R 170 0 R 171 0 R 172 0 R 173 0 R 174 0 R 175 0 R /GS8 28 0 R /Nums [0 [52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 57 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R /Type /Page /Type /Page >> The cognitive miser theory did not originally specify the role of motivation. /GS7 27 0 R affects which beliefs and rules we test As cognitive simplification, it is useful for realistic economic management, otherwise people will be overwhelmed by the complexity of the real rationales. The nave scientist and attribution theory Further information: Attribution theory Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. [26] [27], Based on the assumption that human beings are cognitive misers and tend to minimize the cognitive costs, low-information rationality was introduced as an empirically grounded alternative in explaining decision making and attitude formation. Due to the seemingly smooth current situation, people unconsciously adjusted their acceptance of risk; People tend to over-express their faith and confidence to backup systems and safety devices; People regard complicated technical systems in line with complicated governing structures; If concerned with the certain issue, people tend to spread good news and hide bad news; People tend to think alike if they are in the same field (see also: System 1 generates suggestions for System 2, with impressions, intuitions, intentions or feelings; If System 1's proposal is endorsed by System 2, those impressions and intuitions will turn into beliefs, and the sudden inspiration generated by System 1 will turn into voluntary actions; When everything goes smoothly (as is often the case), System 2 adopts the suggestions of System 1 with little or no modification. /Contents 42 0 R Would you like Wikipedia to always look as professional and up-to-date? miser 2) cognitive load = heuristics don't require much thought, can be made on 'availability' eg. Naive scientist Cognitive miser A and B << According to Walter Lippmann's arguments in his classic book Public Opinion,[13] people are not equipped to deal with complexity. >> /Encoding /Identity-H That is to say, people live in a second-handed world with mediated reality, where the simplified model for thinking (i.e., stereotypes) could be created and maintained by external forces. /Subtype /TrueType /Tabs /S Narcissism Individual differences variable character ized by extremely high but insecure levels of self-esteem. 12 0 obj /F1 21 0 R /Parent 2 0 R ", -Kurt Lewin: influences - fascism / final solution and gestalt principle (things are assigned by humans). 2U>aQ K/)QCqQ"#G'og|Bc. [18] However, in relying upon heuristics instead of detailed analysis, like the information processing employed by Heider's nave scientist, biased information processing is more likely to occur.
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