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[47] Antia Ekot Otong is regarded as one of the descendants of the patriarch Otong Ama Ide. Omissions? Another account from the Qua claimed that Ekpe (Mgbe) migrated from Cameroon. An account from the Qua said the origin of the Ekpe people can be traced to Cameron. Probably about 8000 BC one group reached Nigeria by an overland route and settled at Ibom (Arochuku) there they erected the famous shrine now known as the Long Juju of Arochuku. "[29] Essien's criticism is supported by the fact that in some Efik trado-religious songs, Atakpor Uruan is greatly extolled. [49] Several events at Creek town later led to a wave of migration from Creek town to Duke town. Among these cuisines include Ekpang nkukwo, Edikang Ikong, Afia efere, Anyan Ekpang, Afang soup and several others. In the case of the latter, in the heat of the confusion, villagers would be kidnapped and sent to Calabar were they were sold. Why do you think it is important for us to understand our past? Other trading items sold by the Efik included rubber, ivory, barwood and redwood. quickly adapted to fulfil other economic and civil functions. [69] The Ekpe spirit cannot be seen by the uninitiated and is represented by Idem Iquo, a masquerade dressed in Esk, a multicoloured costume decorated with other traditional accoutrements. [14], The name "Efik" translates to "Oppressors" and is derived from the Efik-Ibibio verb root "Fik" (English: Oppress). The Ekpe society had become, by the time Antera Duke began his diary in 1785, the Efik's primary socio-political institution. Among these secret societies were Ekpe, Obon and Nsibidi. kp had four major roles in pre-colonial life. One theory asserts that Ukpong Atai Atai Ema Atai, Adim Atai Atai Ema Atai and other co-founders founded Obutong after one of Eyo Ema's people was killed during a wrestling match with Ukpong Atai at Creek town. English language is spoken in the South-Western part of Cameroon. [73] The Efik native cow (English: Ena Efk) was regarded with some amount of reverence and was mainly killed on rare occasions such as the festival for the installation of a new priest king. At its peak, it permeated the social, economic and political life of the Efiks but lately its dominance has been eroded as urbanization and modern political administration expanded. The practice and display of Ekpe masquerade have been modified. kp philosophy is grounded in "Cross River region concepts of community that include the living, the ancestors, and the land itself" [ Ekpe being] "a school for esoteric teachings [ revealing] ideal stages in a person's life [ in their growth to] maturity within their communities [ framing terrestrial experience within the context of the The Amama often appropriate hundreds of acres of palm trees for their own use and, with the profits they earn, ensure that their sons achieve comparable rank, which has the effect of limiting access to economic gain for other members of the community. We bring you daily editor picks from the best Business Insider news content so you can stay updated on the latest topics and conversations on the African market, leaders, careers and lifestyle. [42] K.K. The images, ideology, and secrecy associated with kp have been studied for more than one hundred years, and yet crucial features of the history of kp and its transformation have been neglected. The group believes that when they eat human flesh, they gain the ability to transform into a crocodile. To be a member, one must be a part of Yoruba nobility. The remains will then be taken to Kepelle Village in Cameroon for burial after that. The ekpe society has spawned a large number of Nsbd . For instance any member wronged in an Ekpe district, that is one dominated by the society, has only to address an Ekpe-man or beat the Ekpe drum in the Ekpe-house, or blow Ekpe as it is called, i.e., sound the Ekpe horn, before the hut of the wrong-doer, and the whole machinery of the society is put in force to see justice done. Prior to the arrival of the missionaries in 1846, many Efik traders were fluent in English and a number of African and European languages. A list of some of Africa's most prominent cults and secret societies of all time. At Creek town, the Efik ruler was Efiom Ekpo Efiom Ekpo who had a number of children including Nsa Efiom, Edem Efiom, Okoho Efiom and Odo Efiom. The term "Calabar people" was particularly popular prior to the nineteenth century and was synonymous to the Efik.[6]. (Multiple Deaths at Ndodoghi creek, Ema Atai Ema Atai, Priest-king, lost his sight in death). And it's a symbol in both. As a child, Sunjata at first looks unpromising because: In one of the most dramatic episodes in the Sunjata Epic, Sunjata first begins to demonstrate his extraordinary abilities when he: avenges an insult to his mother by uprooting a tree and placing it in front of her house. Nair dates the arrival of the Efik towards the end of the seventeenth century or the beginning of the eighteenth century. Alcoholic content may be increased via adding the red bark of Edat (Sacoglottis gabonensis) to the wine. The designs are part of a dynamic language known as nsibidi, which uses image and gestural performance to communicate knowledge guarded by society members. [30][31] Another reason given by Etubom Ededem Ekpenyong Oku asserts that the Uruan accused the Efik of wizardry and of being responsible for the frequent seizure of their children by crocodiles. a king whose attempts to have a special son lead him to make bargains with one Islamic missionary and two noble travelers. One theory states that the Efik and Uruan had separate religious customs and the Efik refused to worship the Uruan deity Atakpor Uruan Inyang. Other narratives at the Hart's enquiry do not make mention of the Efut. The Ekpe society requires that its initiates sponsor feasts for the town, which foster the appearance of the redistribution of wealth by providing the poor with food and drink. Ekpe, also known as Mgbe/Egbo (Ekoi language: leopard; derived from the Ibibio term for the same), is a West African secret society in Nigeria and Cameroon flourishing chiefly among the Efiks. [65] Cannons were shot at the town and every house was levelled to the ground. [8] The bulk of the Efik can be found in Calabar. [66] "[35] Simmons assertion which was made in his 1958 dissertation is similarly reiterated at the Hart's enquiry in 1964 by chiefs such as Chief Efiom Obo Effanga of Obutong. Proponents of this theory range from missionaries, explorers, colonial anthropologists and later historians. The society is still active at the beginning of the 21st century, now playing more of a ceremonial role. Photo by Jordan Fenton. JavaScript is disabled. Mr. . It is uncertain the specific year that the Efik arrived Creek Town. There are several theories regarding the origin of the Efik people. [34] When the Uruan woman realised that Abasi had broken her axe, she insisted that the axe should be repaired. The kp ("leopard") society represents an ancient African institution that provided the supreme functions of governance in the communal societies of the forest regions of the Cross-River basin and the hilly terrain to the east, in what is called today southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon. Oral tradition has it that the Efik arrived Uruan in four groups i.e. [62][63] The first missionaries arrived in 1846. [5] Simple theme. Aye provides the following names among these priest-kings including Ema Atai Iboku, Ekpe Atai Iboku, Ukpong Atai Iboku. and Dahomean towns, and among the tribes of Congo and the Cameroon.17 According to the same author, Ngbe, was another society influenced by the Ekoi and originally considered Egb [Ekp]. The Ekoi in Cameroon are found in the South Western region of the count. Hall Fund. The Ekpe was vested with the powers of policing and bringing justice to the Efik kingdom. [51] Due to the custom of killing twins, Edem Efiom is said to have aided Okoho Efiom in sneaking out of Creek town to Nsutana. The Efik speak the Efik language which is a member of the BenueCongo subfamily of the Niger-Congo language group. Festival organised by Global Music Exchange (ht. Department of Conflict Resolution Studies Theses and Dissertations "Hakuna Matata" (No More Worries) - Integrating Indigenous Systems of Conflict Resolution into the Formal System of Government Administration in Cameroon: Case Study of the Ekpe Society of Manyu Division Stephen O. Agbor, Nova Southeastern University Follow Date of Award 2017 Originally, items such as onions (Oyim mbakara) was rare in Efik meals. All willing to engage respectfully are welcome. Members are bound by oath of secrecy, and fees on entrance are payable. I Am Niki Buroro Agbor Ekpe Jerome a holder of a professional Masters in Forestry and wildlife Engineering with focus on Protected Area Management, Masters of Science in Forest Governance and policies from University of Dschang and Professional Masters in Environmental Science (ESIA) university of Yaounde 1. The earliest proponent of the Igbo origin was William Baikie who stated in his 1856 publication, "All the coast dialects from One to Old Kalabar, are, either directly or indirectly, connected with Igbo, which later Dr Latham informs me is certainly related to the Kafir class". Each ukara is highly individualized and clearly produced to be worn by a specific Ekpe member or to mark a specific Ekpe lodge. [1] The trade-off is that the Amama often control the majority of the community wealth. Some other clothings introduced into the market include smit, brutanya, isadh and nkisi. [69] On the appending of the Ekpe institution to its list of secret societies, the Ekpe society was reformed and adapted to suit the needs of the Efik people. [81] After the decline of the slave trade, the Efik transitioned into the business of exporting palm oil from the Cross river. [32] Aye argues that the Efik could not have taken the royal emblem of the Uruan people as they would have already had their own royal emblem. She said as a member of the Ekpe Society of the Efiks, she participates in the Ekpe activities. This theory asserts that the Efik migrated from Palestine or somewhere close to Palestine. Individual symbols may also have multiple meanings, rendering context important and interpretation inevitable in the "reading" of the body of represented signs. Historians recognize the advent and rapid rise of Ekpe as a direct result of a need for a new and effective mechanism of sociopolitical control in the complex economic environment created by the Atlantic slave trade. In the culture we have discussed, the term badenya refers to: the relationship between the mother and child, and full siblings - implying closeness, trust, cooperation, unselfishness, and acceptance of rules. Some of the oldest of these societies were Nyana Nyaku and Nsibidi. The economics of the society is based on paying tribute to the village ancestors. Bell of King Eyo Honesty II at Creek Town, Ekeng ita (also known as James Henshaw), Obong of Henshaw Town (c.a 1875). These they handcuffed, brought down to the canoes, and so proceeded up the river, till they got to the amount of 45, with whom they returned to New town, where sending to the captains of the shipping, they divided them among the ships.[56]. [51] The Enwang people moved to the present site of Henshaw town.[51]. The Leopard Society was allegedly a cannibalistic society in the early-to-mid 2oth century in Sierra Leone, Libera and Cte dIvoire. society to its Caribbean incarnation, which has deeply influenced Cuba's creative energy and popular consciousness. The Efik in Nigeria have Nkanda as the basic Ekpe whereas, in Cameroon we have Ekpe as the starting point in Ekpe. [70] Several meals were composed of yam such as Usu abia, Iwk abia, Afia abia, sb abia, Edifrai abia and fp abia. Gelede Egbe: Yoruba Women's Sacred Society. Google Scholar Aye, E. A.