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A Policy Brief examining the actors, factors and dynamics of the agitations, questioning if the current agitation is another flash in the pan and if current responses are adequate to address the agitations for secession of Biafra from Nigeria. Also, there was a demand for more local regions by all these ethnic interest groups which was what led to the creation of new states. To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. . By the time Nigeria got her independence, the various party involved had been regionally based. It needs proper review so that the country can move forward as a nation. READ ALSO: History of democracy in Nigeria from 1960. Excellent, thanks a lot f It has been suggested that the creation of more states and local government have helped in the distribution of national cake. % V(B8eDK@sx AK hG~ u;6DV,pwP# _ O4C sR 8_yC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ Since 1954 successively Nigerian constitution had adopted the federal system of government without much emphasis on the unity or disunity it has accorded to Nigeria. What is federalism? Regrettably, this system is founded on a militarily-conceived constitution lacking a fully enforceable bill of rights and clear governmental functions. The first military head of state, General J.T.U Aguiyi Ironsi for instance was interested in a unitary Nigeria and he scrapped federalism. The analysis of the emerging issues and scenarios as well as the response options aims at supporting the efforts of different stakeholders including the Federal government on managing the current pro-Biafra agitation. Here, both the majority and minority are represented in the government. It argues that although deficient in popular sovereignty, the Constitutions legitimacy is moot since it is the operative law that governs the country. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Federalism as a system of government has been approached with variegated definitions such that one might argue that there are much definitions of federalism as there are authors on the subject. 2013 PP.100-107, This paper explores the issue of unification federalism in Nigeria, which has been an obstacle to peace, development and threats to security .The findings from an extensive reading of related materials suggest that, the root of contemporary political conflict and underdevelopment in Nigeria political landscape shows clearly in the area of imbalance political structures that were established before and after independence. Check your inbox to be the first to know the hottest news. In Nigerias case, the tongues and tribes that made up Nigeria has one colonial history. Economic factors in adoption of federalism in Nigeria are not unconnected with the issues of resource control, wealth generation and redistribution, and income distribution. This paper recommends that there should be an overhaul of the political system through constitutional amendment process to expunge provisions that negate federalism and provide for implementation of true federalism. Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government . Biafrans who are geographically in the South and SouthEast of Ni-geria feel and believe that their economic and developmental prowess are not well represented in the Nigerian state, and this lack of representation leads to marginalization. Nigeria's independence was gotten and founded on the basis of a federalist system of Government. >> Required fields are marked *. The main goal of the Convention was to revise the Articles of Confederation, the agreement that governed the 13 colonies and was adopted by the Continental Congress on November 15, 1777, shortly after the end of the Revolutionary War . As a result of this, it has brought about the cry of the minorities clamoring for their own state. /Length 3884 Nigeria is quite a big country with an area of 923,768 km2. Federalism is a type of government in which the sovereign authority of political power is usually divided between two units. /Parent 2 0 R ! To make mortgage industry standards more flexible and modernized, the proposed rule would remove the requirement that lenders and mortgagees register with HUD each branch office . REASONS FOR LOW TRADE Historical reasons - India adopted socialist model of economy and policy of import substitution and protectionism till 1990s and civil wars and domestic instability in other countries Poor Connectivity- Due to difficult terrain on borders, poor development of inland waterways, poor border infrastructure like border huts . The regional government had power over matters that are listed under the residual list. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. Notwithstanding the above reasons for the adoption of Nigerian federalism, we can also mention some specific factors peculiar to Nigeria. And this is one of the factors responsible for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. Brad Simpson (2014) The Biafran secession and the limits of self-determination, Journal of Genocide Research, 16:2-3, 337-354, WARN POLICY BRIEF THE NIGERIA STATE AND THE BIAFRA QUESTION: THREATS TO OR OPPORTUNITIES FOR NATIONAL COHESION, LAST TRAIN TO BIAFRA - Memories of a Biafran Child: A Personal Family Experience, Fiscal Federalism, Ethnic Minorities and the National Question in Nigeria: Revisiting the Case of the Niger Delta People, WARN POLICY BRIEF WARN POLICY BRIEF THE NIGERIA STATE AND THE BIAFRA QUESTION: THREATS TO OR OPPORTUNITIES FOR NATIONAL COHESION, Biafra Resurgence: State Failure, Insecurity and Separatist Agitations in Nigeria, Biafra Separatism: Causes, Consequences and Remedies, The Nigerian State and the Quest for Restructuring: Implications for Democratic Consolidation, THE DISINTEGRATION OF YUGOSLAVIA: A LESSON FOR NIGERIA, MASSOB AND IPOB SELF DETERMINATION AND THE NIGERIA STATE, Ndi Igbo, Leadership, Nationhood, the Nigerian Dilemma and Why We Are All Biafrans, Death of a nation - Biafra and the Nigerian question.pdf, Exploring the Dimensions of Secessionist Agitations: Security Threats and Implications for Nigeria 1966-2016, REVISITING THE NIGERIA-BIAFRA WAR: THE INTANGIBLES OF POST- WAR RECONCILIATION, The Ambiguity of Constitutional Silence on State Secession in Nigeria: Looking Beyond Politics of Compassion and Prejudice, West Africa Insight Secessionist Movement ENGLISH Version, Situation Analysis on Public Safety and Security Governorship Election in Anambra State, IGBOS, A PEOPLE THRIVING AMIDST ADVERSITY: WHO ARE THE IGBOS, Pro-Biafran Activists and the call for a Referendum: A Sentiment Analysis of 'Biafraexit' on Twitter after UK's vote to leave the European Union, NIGERIA: WHAT IS TO BE DONE? In order to examine these issues, this paper adopted qualitative research and intrinsic approach methodology, along with relative deprivation theory. a group of selected academic teachers this book is suitable for adoption as a resource for a case driven approach to teaching "Corporate Governance" courses at an upper undergraduate or graduate level. In the words of Richards, regionalism was introduced to strengthen unity in diversity. Dual federalism was dominant from the 1790s until the 1930s. It established that the resources of a particular state is not totally owned by the federal government. Minority Marginalization 3.6 6. 2012, Issues and Trends in Nigeria's Development. The calls for restructuring have been louder particularly from the southern part of Nigeria. /Type /XObject ), Constitutionalism, Constitution Making and Constitutional Reform in Africa: Contemporary Perspectives from Sub-Saharan Africa, Chapter IX: The politics and policies of oil deregulation in Nigeria: Implications and policy suggestions. For a better explanation of the theory of federalism, I highly recommend that you watch the video below. The USSR was an example of this type of federalism. Email Address. The fact that these nations chose to adopt a federal system does not prove anything; it does, however, suggest that federalism may help these countries manage the problems that come with ethnic . This embodies ideas of promise, obligation, and undertaking; and consequently, the federal idea draws on collaboration, reciprocity, and mutuality. Section 10 of the constitution rule outs the adoption of any religion as a state religion either. The Journal of Pan African Studies, vol.8, no.2, . Federalism was the only solution to ensure peace and unity amongst the leaders and the citizens and that was why federalism was adopted into the Nigerian political system. That is often the reason why some adherents of Marx quarrel vehemently about such preordained classification such as: haves and have-nots; and the liberal minds grappling with, insisting not only that all hands are not equal, but that they must never, for whatsoever reason at all, be made equal - believing that that would tantamount to the highest injustice. The disadvantages are that it can set off a race to the bottom among states, cause cross-state economic and social disparities, and obstruct federal efforts . This paper exploits the growth benefits that ICT sector has provided and its impact on the Nigerian economy. The history of Ijaw, Edo, Igala, Yoruba, Igbo, Nupe and Hausa Kingdoms are enriched with social-political relationships that existed before the emergence of the white man. The Complete Material Will Be Sent To Your . So, without wasting much time, what is a federal system of government? Since federal systems have been formed for different reasons and to Emphasis on indigeneity, the federal revenue allocation formula and the increasing formalization of the 'federal character' principle, to mention only a few issues, increase sources of tensions and potential conflicts. Roxy Horner biography: who is Jack Whitehalls girlfriend? June 1,2022 Also it is more useful to expansiate on them. << This was many times more the population of most African countries then. British North American colonies unite 3 Up to 1867, the colonies 4 of British North America had no political or geographical links. Political culture of Nigeria: 3.4 4. The constitution emphasized areas of authority between the central government and the regions. Also, Read: Bad Leadership Causes, Effects And Solutions In Nigeria. s" To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. In the first place, therefore, the contemplation of a federal pact is one of an overwhelming outcome of the emphatic need to handle the above concerns acceptably. The Political Economy and Un-ending Search, Agitation for Restructuring and Resource Control in Nigeria's Federalism: Issues, Perspectives and the Way Forward, Federalism, Military Legacies and the Restructuring Debate in Contemporary Nigeria, Federalism, Decentralisation and the Liberalisation of Business Environment in Nigeria, Hands Behind their backs: Making a case for a region-centred restructuring framework, Nigerian Pseudo-Federalism and the Agitations for Restructuring, The evolution of fiscal centralism and strong centre federalism in Nigeria An historical analysis, The Nigerian fiscal formulas and the agitations for resource control in the Niger delta region of. It forays into the inherent issues underlying the Biafran movement and the ways in which those issues, as well as Biafran agitation, are inimical to Nigeria's development. Fiscal Federalism and Democratic Governance in Nigeria - I. O. Taiwo 2004 REASONS FOR ADOPTION OF FEDERALISM According to IDEA (2015:3), federalism is adoption for the following reasons: Scale: This credited the operation of federalism to the adoption of democracy which allowed for citizens to participate directly in political life. By and large, it is the nature of the relationship of the federal and state governments that determines whether a state is federal or unitary. (eds. But before moving to the crux of this article, we will be looking briefly at the meaning and history of federalism in Nigeria. % I have said that Nigeria is reputed to be the largest black country around, even Nigeria has claimed to be the giant of Africa by . Pls visit us again dear reader. One of the major reasons why countries choose federalism is because of size. Nigeria is quite a big country with an area of 923,768 km2. 2. /F2 9 0 R In developing countries like India, Iraq and Nigeria, federalism has either failed to close developmental gaps and ethno-communal tensions among various states or, more worryingly, in some. All attempts to solve these problems over the years have failed. So for effective governance of a country of this big size, federalism has to be adopted. The governmental powers are shared between the federal government and the thirty-six state governments. /Length 14727 "There are reasons why some nation-states opt for federalism. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Critically, after that train, every other train went to Nigeria from Nigeria, indicating the enormity of the wall of enmity demarcating Nigeria from the sovereign State of Biafra. It means that the sovereign unit (Centre) and local units . Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government. REVENUE ALLOCATION IN NIGERIA: NEED FOR REFORM? /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB After nearly three decades of cumulative military rule, the country returned to civilian governance in 1999 under a presidential system of government. To know more about various aspects of federalism in Nigeria ,you may read from . /BitsPerComponent 8 ICT services have help in the improvement of the markets, reduction in transaction costs and increase . The Babangida administration followed the same step and created 21 states and more local governments. Besides the Big Three Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba, there are other macro and micro ethnic minorities in the country. Present Nigeria was formed by the amalgamation of two regions which many see as a big influence in why federalism was later adopted by the British and later on by Nigerian leaders as at the time of independence. Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. So majority if not all of them were in favor of a federalist system of governance. Nigeria therefore falls into the latter because of the wide diversities. x^[YsF~[-`pys)fk"%J hE;}LO *%gH=zoN/oNS~~zb|\U?_s3jJ}ZxhK2&$9|H-&9)q7"|kxN7i,anHiw>&_N~@bdkBs>gIM>z2|1zFDW+1"y-#HCQJmvj4CW5z,#IwHGc&Y"`Sg|2)FQ& p:?WT hQ4M:*|9tKy?c[U(zqfNBA=XCOf~2i6KC@;DGO? All these strengthen political bonds and gave Rice to unity in diversity. In a unitary constitution which opposes federal principles, everything belongs to the central government; the federating unit does not exist, let alone agitating for resource control. /Height 235 Therefore, the problem with federalism in Nigeria is the mix-application or non-application of this clause especially as it has to do with power distribution (Awa, 1977). These crises flow from issues such as fiscal federalism, corruption, credible elections, tribal politics, ethno-religious conflicts, and disdain for the rule of law. Introduction In a statement on the 2015 Nigerian General Elections the Freedom House (2015a) congratulated Nigerians for an election that appears to be one of the smoothest and least violent in Nigeria's Adobe d C 4 0 obj Then Nigeria was organised into a federation that had three regions. Also it is more useful to expansiate on them. The intimidating size of Nigeria does not only earn her an international respect but also provides her with a buffer to attacks by rogue nations and disgruntled neighbours. Many Nigerian ethnic groups began to agitate for their own states. Federalism in India.