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Participants were told they would not feel pain, but they could press a button if they did; while they reported not feeling pain, they did, in fact, press the button, suggesting a dissociation of consciousness while in the hypnotic state (Hilgard & Hilgard, 1994). In fact, this relationship is so robust that some view the presence of RBD as a potential aid in the diagnosis and treatment of a number of neurodegenerative diseases (Ferini-Strambi, 2011). The treatment of insomnia likely would include stress management techniques and changes in problematic behaviors that could contribute to insomnia (e.g., spending more waking time in bed). While we certainly welcome the convenience of having the darkness lit up, we also suffer the consequences of reduced amounts of sleep because we are more active during the nighttime hours than our ancestors were. Typically, individuals suffering from night terrors will fall back asleep again within a short time. Given the average life expectancy for U.S. citizens falls between 73 and 79 years old (Singh & Siahpush, 2006), we can expect to spend approximately 25 years of our lives sleeping. For one, research suggests that infants should be placed on their backs when put down to sleep, and their cribs should not contain any items which pose suffocation threats, such as blankets, pillows or padded crib bumpers (cushions that cover the bars of a crib). Interestingly, individuals who have increased levels of alpha brain wave activity (more often associated with wakefulness and transition into stage 1 sleep) during stage 3 often report that they do not feel refreshed upon waking, regardless of how long they slept (Stone, Taylor, McCrae, Kalsekar, & Lichstein, 2008). The axons of light-sensitive neurons in the retina provide information to the SCN based on the amount of light present, allowing this internal clock to be synchronized with the outside world (Klein, Moore, & Reppert, 1991; Welsh, Takahashi, & Kay, 2010) (Figure 4.3). 1. A womans menstrual cycle is an example of a biological rhythma recurring, cyclical pattern of bodily changes. By the late 19th century, German psychiatrist SigmundFreudhad become convinced that dreams represented an opportunity to gain access to the unconscious. Although there are a number of different techniques in use, the central feature of all meditation is clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus (Chen et al., 2013; Lang et al., 2012). These sleep episodes are often associated withcataplexy, which is a lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases involves complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles. A neighbor called the police after witnessing Falater standing over his wifes body before dragging her into the pool. One important regulator of sleep-wake cycles is the hormonemelatonin. Question 2 1 / 1 pts Ling Fan finds that she has a difficult time tolerating alcohol and prefers to not even have small amounts , as she often becomes flushed , warm , and nauseous .Most likely , Ling Fan , like many other women and those of Asian descent , lacks the enzyme called alcohol _ _ _____. These brain areas include the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia. Tolerance can cause the user to increase the amount of drug used to a dangerous leveleven to the point of overdose and death. Try going to bed and waking up at the same time every day to keep your biological clock in sync so your body gets in the habit of sleeping every night. A person with asleep debtdoes not get sufficient sleep on a chronic basis. Using crystal meth poses a number of serious long-term health issues, including dental problems (often called meth mouth), skin abrasions caused by excessive scratching, memory loss, sleep problems, violent behavior, paranoia, and hallucinations. By the end of this section, you will be able to: Consciousnessdescribes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. High doses can cause death due to respiratory depression. typically follow the example of their parents more than their friends. Still, people experiencing opioid withdrawal may be given methadone to make withdrawal from the drug less difficult. Recent adaptations (e.g., Hobson, 2002) continue to update the theory based on accumulating evidence. Avoid alcohol, cigarettes, caffeine, and heavy meals before bed. Stage 3is often referred to as deep sleep or slow-wave sleep because this stage is characterized by low frequency (less than 3 Hz), high amplitudedelta waves(Figure 4.10). In this section, we will discuss each of these stages of sleep and their associated patterns of brain wave activity. Heroin users often shoot the drug directly into their veins. As discussed by Siegel (2008), a definition of sleep must also include mention of the interplay of the circadian and homeostatic mechanisms that regulate sleep. Among a variety of neurobiological evidence, John Hobson cites research on lucid dreams as an opportunity to better understand dreaming in general. Add a comment. The sleep and dreaming researcher Rosalind Cartwright, however, believes that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer. NCEH provides leadership to promote health and quality of life by preventing or controlling those diseases, birth defects, or disabilities resulting from interaction between people and the environment. The participant is told to be open to the process of hypnosis, trust the hypnotist and let go. Increased prescriptions led to greater rates of misuse, along with greater incidence of addiction, even among patients who used these drugs as prescribed. In contrast,non-REM (NREM)sleep is subdivided into four stages distinguished from each other and from wakefulness by characteristic patterns of brain waves. Although she had been taking a prescription antidepressant, her symptoms of depression continued to worsen and she began to suffer physically, displaying significant warning signs of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. For instance, have you ever daydreamed while driving home from work or school without really thinking about the drive itself? c. This is illustrated by McCartys (2010) case study of a 50-year-old woman who sought help for the excessive sleepiness during normal waking hours that she had experienced for several years. High doses increase agitation, paranoia, can cause hallucinations. Which of the following is true regarding patient adherence: d - all of the above (a - the average adherence rate for taking medication to treat acute illness is about 67%, b - adherence to taking medicine . If you cannot fall asleep, leave your bed and do something else until you feel tired again. Lucid dreamsare dreams in which certain aspects of wakefulness are maintained during a dream state. Rotating shift work has pervasive effects on the lives and experiences of individuals engaged in that kind of work, which is clearly illustrated in stories reported in a qualitative study that researched the experiences of middle-aged nurses who worked rotating shifts (West, Boughton & Byrnes, 2009). A) a mole that looks cancerous B) nasal congestion C) change in heart rate D) issues with breathing Which of the following American health care systems is most known for requiring a referral from a primary care doctor in order to see a specialist? Individuals with insomnia often experience long delays between the times that they go to bed and actually fall asleep. While there are variations, there are four parts that appear consistent in bringing people into the state of suggestibility associated with hypnosis (National Research Council, 1994). Despite recent changes in laws designed to make obtaining pseudoephedrine more difficult, methamphetamine continues to be an easily accessible and relatively inexpensive drug option (Shukla, Crump, & Chrisco, 2012). REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)occurs when the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur. Indeed, we know sleep deprivation results in disruptions in cognition and memory deficits (Brown, 2012), leading to impairments in our abilities to maintain attention, make decisions, and recall long-term memories. Nicotine exerts its effects through its interaction with acetylcholine receptors. There is a tremendous amount of variability among sufferers, both in terms of how symptoms of narcolepsy manifest and the effectiveness of currently available treatment options. Users experience increased energy, feelings of pleasure, and emotional warmth. Guilleminault et al. Thus, opioid drugs, which mimic this endogenous painkilling mechanism, have an extremely high potential for abuse. Theta waves still dominate the activity of the brain, but they are interrupted by brief bursts of activity known as sleep spindles (Figure 4.9). These symptoms usually are opposite of the effects of the drug. In fact, it has been suggested that there is no reason to think that energetic demands could not be addressed with periods of rest and inactivity (Frank, 2006; Rial et al., 2007), and some research has actually found a negative correlation between energetic demands and the amount of time spent sleeping (Capellini, Barton, McNamara, Preston, & Nunn, 2008). d. both b and c. 2. Melatonin is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and the immune system (Hardeland et al., 2006). For example, a person may work from 7:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. on Monday, 3:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. on Tuesday, and 11:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. on Wednesday. Site has information/education resources on a broad range of topics, including asthma, birth defects, radiation, sanitation, lead in blood, and more. Caffeine is an adenosine antagonist, so caffeine inhibits the adenosine receptors, thus decreasing sleepiness and promoting wakefulness. My sophomore college housemate got so stressed out during finals sophomore year he drank almost a whole bottle of Nyquil to try to fall asleep. While disruptions in circadian rhythms can have negative consequences, there are things we can do to help us realign our biological clocks with the external environment. Acute alcohol administration results in a variety of changes to consciousness. This disorder is associated with a number of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinsons disease. The first stage of NREM sleep is known as stage 1 sleep. Abnormal Motor Behavior. The internal state of an object is the set of all its attributes' values. In such instances, REM rebound may actually represent an adaptive response to stress in non-depressed individuals by suppressing the emotional salience of aversive events that occurred in wakefulness (Suchecki, Tiba, & Machado, 2012). In some cases, users experience vivid visual hallucinations. Freud made distinctions between the manifest content and the latent content of dreams. As he went to investigate what was going on, he was met by a group of police officers who arrested him for the murder of his wife (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). Depending on the population and sleep disorder being studied, between 30% and 50% of the population suffers from a sleep disorder at some point in their lives (Bixler, Kales, Soldatos, Kaels, & Healey, 1979; Hossain & Shapiro, 2002; Ohayon, 1997, 2002; Ohayon & Roth, 2002). In terms of brain wave activity, stage 1 sleep is associated with both alpha and theta waves. During sleep, the pituitary gland secretes both FSH and LH which are important in regulating the reproductive system (Christensen et al., 2012; Sofikitis et al., 2008). This chapter will discuss states of consciousness with a particular emphasis on sleep. Loss of appetite. Historically, heroin has been a major opioid drug of abuse (Figure 4.17). Awareness of internal stimuli includes feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions. Sleep apneais defined by episodes during which a sleepers breathing stops. To prevent withdrawal, many people turned to cheaper heroin, which could be bought for $5 a dose or less. Those who continue to have insomnia, particularly if it affects their quality of life, should seek professional treatment. In recent years, methamphetamine (meth) use has become increasingly widespread. In addition, stage 1 sleep involves a marked decrease in both overall muscle tension and core body temperature. In the brain, the hypothalamus, which lies above the pituitary gland, is a main center of homeostasis. They named each of the three states: "Close," when a male is closer than average to a female and approaching her slowly; "Chasing," when he is approaching quickly; and "Whatever," when he is facing away from her and moving slowly. Restless leg syndrome is quite common and has been associated with a number of other medical diagnoses, such as chronic kidney disease and diabetes (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). In individuals diagnosed with a substance use disorder, there is a compulsive pattern of drug use that is often associated with both physical and psychological dependence. Stage 1 sleepis a transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep, the period during which we drift off to sleep. This section will present information relating to the use of various psychoactive drugs and problems associated with such use. This pattern of brain wave activity resembles that of someone who is very relaxed, yet awake. A few such benefits listed by the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) include maintaining healthy weight, lowering stress levels, improving mood, and increasing motor coordination, as well as a number of benefits related to cognition and memory formation. I was really sleepy and having trouble concentrating. Beyond being awake or asleep, there are many other states of consciousness people experience. In the variation of mindful meditation, the meditators attention is focused on some internal process or an external object (Zeidan, Grant, Brown, McHaffie, & Coghill, 2012). These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, and insomnia (i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time) (Roth, 2007). Diarrhea. While cognitive deficits may be the most obvious, many body systems are negatively impacted by lack of sleep. Why do we devote so much time to sleeping? This figure illustrates some of the negative consequences of sleep deprivation. Cocaine can be taken in multiple ways. With excessive alcohol use, a person might experience a complete loss of consciousness and/or difficulty remembering events that occurred during a period of intoxication (McKim & Hancock, 2013). Complications. Psychology 2e by Openstax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a rare but severe, often fatal illness in humans. Sore throat. There was a significant positive correlation between the degree to which women thought about their former spouses during waking hours and the number of times their former spouses appeared as characters in their dreams (Cartwright, Agargun, Kirkby, & Friedman, 2006). As a result, many scientists have urged the federal government to allow for relaxation of current marijuana laws and classifications in order to facilitate a more widespread study of the drugs effects (Aggarwal et al., 2009; Bostwick, 2012; Kogan & Mechoulam, 2007). This often results in sleeping problems, and it can lead to signs of depression and anxiety. Toleranceis linked to physiological dependence, and it occurs when a person requires more and more drug to achieve effects previously experienced at lower doses. While people are often unaware of their sleep apnea, they are keenly aware of some of the adverse consequences of insufficient sleep. Stimulantsare drugs that tend to increase overall levels of neural activity. In fact, abuse of prescription opioid medications is becoming a major concern worldwide (Aquina, Marques-Baptista, Bridgeman, & Merlin, 2009; Casati, Sedefov, & Pfeiffer-Gerschel, 2012). 23. Stimulant users seek aeuphoric high, feelings of intense elation and pleasure, especially in those users who take the drug via intravenous injection or smoking. Loss of appetite. While awake, we feel alert and aware of the many important things going on around us. It is often prescribed for minor pain, and it is available over-the-counter in some other countries. For individuals who are especially open to the power of suggestion, hypnosis can prove to be a very effective technique, and brain imaging studies have demonstrated that hypnotic states are associated with global changes in brain functioning (Del Casale et al., 2012; Guldenmund, Vanhaudenhuyse, Boly, Laureys, & Soddu, 2012). Watch this, Sleep, which we all experience, is a quiet and mysterious pause in our daily lives. Sleepwalking most often occurs during slow-wave sleep, but it can occur at any time during a sleep period in some affected individuals (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). In contrast, a person who haspsychological dependencehas an emotional, rather than physical, need for the drug and may use the drug to relieve psychological distress. More specifically, homeostasis is the body's tendency to monitor and maintain internal states, such as temperature and blood sugar, at fairly constant and stable levels. This is an important factor because we can develop tolerance and experience withdrawal from any number of drugs that we do not abuse. The freebase version of cocaine, known as crack, is a potent, smokable version of the drug. Sleep is also associated with the secretion and regulation of a number of hormones from several endocrine glands including: melatonin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and growth hormone (National Institutes of Health, n.d.). AK-complexis a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli. In our discussion of the mental symptoms I reported as an illustration of the suggestive treatment of the drug passion the case of a morphinist. While "internal state" or impulsivity are terms more generally discussed in psychology or neuroscience, the concept is familiar to anyone. By analyzing dreams, Freud thought people could increase self-awareness and gain valuable insight to help them deal with the problems they faced in their lives. While hypnosis is generally achieved through the interaction of a therapist and the person being treated, an individual can perform meditation alone. Remarkably, Falater insisted that he had no recollection of hurting his wife in any way. However, when a stimulant drug was used in conjunction with a popular antidepressant, her condition improved dramatically. Pain relief, euphoria, sleepiness. Awareness of internal stimuli includes feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions. Although individuals suffering from night terrors appear to be awake, they generally have no memories of the events that occurred, and attempts to console them are ineffective. These synthetic drugs are so potent that even small doses can cause overdose and death. There may also be differences in both brain structure and function in infants that die from SIDS (Berkowitz, 2012; Mage & Donner, 2006; Thach, 2005). Thecollective unconscious, as described byJung, is a theoretical repository of information he believed to be shared by everyone. Sleep deprivation, in general, is associated with a number of negative consequences (Brown, 2012). Users can experience physical symptoms that include nausea, elevated blood pressure, and increased heart rate. Hypnosis in conjunction with other techniques is used for a variety of therapeutic purposes and has shown to be at least somewhat effective for pain management, treatment of depression and anxiety, smoking cessation, and weight loss (Alladin, 2012; Elkins, Johnson, & Fisher, 2012; Golden, 2012; Montgomery, Schnur, & Kravits, 2012). Meditationis the act of focusing on a single target (such as the breath or a repeated sound) to increase awareness of the moment. Acetylcholine functions as a neurotransmitter in motor neurons. (a) Common paraphernalia for heroin preparation and use are shown here in a needle exchange kit. Recently, a new EPAP (expiratory positive air pressure) device has shown promise in double-blind trials as one such alternative (Berry, Kryger, & Massie, 2011). This hypnogram illustrates how an individual moves through the various stages of sleep. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? Inflammation has many causes, including infections, injuries, and diseases. Given that college students are notorious for suffering from significant sleep debt (Hicks, Fernandez, & Pelligrini, 2001; Hicks, Johnson, & Pelligrini, 1992; Miller, Shattuck, & Matsangas, 2010), chances are you and your classmates deal with sleep debt-related issues on a regular basis. The participant is made comfortable and is directed to be relaxed and sleepy. Repeated use of these stimulants can have significant adverse consequences. Elements that are known to make PTSD more likely are the following: Perceived life threat Personal injury Interpersonal violence, particularly perpetrated by a caregiver Past and present vulnerability, including genetics, childhood trauma, insufficient emotional support, concurrent causes of stress Example: Childhood abuse and rape Sleepis a state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness. The FDAs 2013 recommendation for tighter controls on opiate prescriptions left many patients addicted to prescription drugs like OxyContin unable to obtain legitimate prescriptions. Some newer CPAP masks are smaller and cover only the nose. Other depressants include barbiturates and benzodiazepines. Clonazepam, an anti-anxiety medication with sedative properties, is most often used to treat RBD. Historically, somnambulism has been treated with a variety of pharmacotherapies ranging from benzodiazepines to antidepressants. The participant is encouraged to use his or her imagination. a. will be healthier than children because they are exposed to fewer infectious diseases.b. The woman used caffeine in the past to boost her mood and to provide energy, but over the course of several years, she increased her caffeine consumption to the point that she was consuming three liters of soda each day. In the latter part of 2013, however, the United States Department of Justice issued statements indicating that they would not continue to challenge state medical marijuana laws. Physical dependenceinvolves changes in normal bodily functionsthe user will experience withdrawal from the drug upon cessation of use. Whether lark, owl, or somewhere in between, there are situations in which a persons circadian clock gets out of synchrony with the external environment. c. absence of subjective symptoms of disease. Generally, narcolepsy is treated using psychomotor stimulant drugs, such as amphetamines (Mignot, 2012). Brain waves during REM sleep appear very similar to brain waves during wakefulness. Two sleeping children are depicted in this 1895 oil painting titled. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? One of the nurses said, If youve had a partner who does work regular job 9 to 5 office hours . According to the dissociation view, hypnosis is effectively a dissociated state of consciousness, much like our earlier example where you may drive to work, but you are only minimally aware of the process of driving because your attention is focused elsewhere. Central sleep apnea is caused by a failure of the brain to activate the muscles of breathing during sleep. For example, body temperature fluctuates cyclically over a 24-hour period (Figure 4.2). One particular aspect of the internal state is that a method applied to the object being in a defined internal state (= a specific set of all its attributes' value) will result in another, also defined (and reproducible) internal state. Large-scale public health campaigns by the National Institutes of Health and the National Institute of Drug Abuse have led to recent declines in the opioid crisis. Consider a patient who believed that as a result of his sleep apnea he had three car accidents in six weeks. Therefore, no movement of voluntary muscles occurs during REM sleep in a normal individual; REM sleep is often referred to as paradoxical sleep because of this combination of high brain activity and lack of muscle tone. Complete the following multiple choice quiz covering chapters 1, 6, and 9. (b) People practicing meditation may experience an alternate state of consciousness. While sleep apnea is less common in thin people, anyone, regardless of their weight, who snores loudly or gasps for air while sleeping, should be checked for sleep apnea. 2. In the therapeutic setting, a clinician may use relaxation and suggestion in an attempt to alter the thoughts and perceptions of a patient. There are two types of sleep apnea: obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea. He suffered from no apparent anatomical brain anomalies or psychological disorders. (a) This is a statue of a meditating Buddha, representing one of the many religious traditions of which meditation plays a part. (credit: modification of work by Mikael Hggstrm). This is known as the REM rebound, and it suggests that REM sleep is also homeostatically regulated. These will soon, in all ordinary cases, subdue the most distressing symptoms, and effect a perfect cure in a day or two. Train your body to associate the bed with sleeping rather than other activities like studying, eating, or watching television shows. Think meditation might help? Variations and adaptations in cognition and behavior make individuals more or less successful in reproducing and passing their genes to their offspring. These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, andinsomnia(i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a months time) (Roth, 2007). Narcolepsy is associated with reduced levels of the signaling molecule hypocretin in some areas of the brain (De la Herrn-Arita & Drucker-Coln, 2012; Han, 2012), and the traditional stimulant drugs do not have direct effects on this system. There may be many factors that contribute to insomnia, including age, drug use, exercise, mental status, and bedtime routines. Some can cause heightened sensitivity to physical stimuli. Our states of consciousness change as we move from wakefulness to sleep. Narcoleptic episodes take on other features of REM sleep. The pineal and pituitary glands secrete a number of hormones during sleep. Treatment. Given that withdrawal from a drug often involves an experience opposite to the effect of the drug, it should be no surprise that opioid withdrawal resembles a severe case of the flu. Aside from their utility as analgesic drugs, opioid-like compounds are often found in cough suppressants, anti-nausea, and anti-diarrhea medications. Individuals who suffer from RBD have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams. 22. Chronic insomnia is almost always associated with feeling overtired and may be associated with symptoms of depression. Surprisingly, narcoleptic episodes are often triggered by states of heightened arousal or stress. The effects of all psychoactive drugs occur through their interactions with our endogenous neurotransmitter systems. (West et al., 2009, p. 114). As a group, hallucinogens are incredibly varied in terms of the neurotransmitter systems they affect.