With every complex human endeavor, it is necessary to master the basics if the whole task is to be performed competently and safely. / FAR 135.100--Flight Crew Member Duties. A strange smell or sound may alert a passenger to a potential problem. In either case, unless adequate precautions are taken, personal performance could be impaired and adversely affect pilot judgment and decision-making, Dehydration is the term given to a critical loss of water from the body. The steps leading to this conclusion constitute the decision-making process. Some operators use surface to 18,000 feet as the "sterile zone", while others apply the sterile cockpit principle from Top of Descent/Pre-Descent checklist, in the descent, and up to Top of Climb/En-Route checklist, on departure. Since useful tools and sources of information may not always be readily apparent, learning to recognize these resources is an essential part of ADM training. However, a pilot can learn to recognize those factors that can be managed, and learn skills to improve decision-making ability and judgment, While the ADM process does not eliminate errors, it helps the pilot recognize errors, and in turn enables the pilot to manage the error to minimize its effects. Recent studies of midair collisions determined that: Flight instructors were onboard the aircraft in 37 percent of the accidents in the study, Most of the aircraft involved in collisions are engaged in recreational flying not on any type of flight plan, Most midair collisions occur in VFR weather conditions during weekend daylight hours, The vast majority of accidents occurred at or near nontowered airports and at altitudes below 1,000 feet, Pilots of all experience levels were involved in midair collisions, from pilots on their first solo, to 20,000 hour veterans, Most collisions occur in daylight with visibility greater than 3 miles, It is imperative to introduce 14 CFR section 91.113 "Right-of-way" rules to the student. as "movement of an airplane under its own power on the surface of
the aircraft was slightly off course and flying at an altitude of 560
When introducing lesson tasks, flight instructors should not introduce the minimum acceptable standards for passing the checkride. This appendix also includes references to 14 CFR Part 61, Certification: Pilots, Flight Instructors, and Ground Instructors, for more details concerning the requirements that must be met to qualify for each respective endorsement. For example, during a go-around, adding power, gaining airspeed, and properly configuring the aircraft are priorities. The student should be able to describe the procedures for traffic pattern entry and landing preparation. If possible, avoid ending the evaluation on a negative note, As discussed in Chapter 5, Assessment, collaborative assessment (or learner centered grading (LCG)) is a form of authentic assessment currently used in aviation training with problem-based learning (PBL). and when the going is busy, complex, and one has multiple very ill or potentially very ill patients to care for, then one form of "sterile cockpit" is a very serious consideration, i think. (Accident/Incident Briefs). The instructor should also try to determine if there are aspects of pilot training that are causing excessive amounts of stress for the student. VFR into IMC accidents often lead to fatalities. The ability to make effective decisions during flight can be impaired by stress. As experience is gained, a pilot learns to recognize future workload requirements and can prepare for high workload periods during times of low workload. engaging in non-essential conversations within the cockpit and non-essential
Two steps to improve flight safety are identifying personal attitudes hazardous to safe flight and learning behavior modification techniques, Flight instructors must be able to spot hazardous attitudes in a student because recognition of hazardous thoughts is the first step toward neutralizing them. In an emergency, this ability could save the pilots life and those of the passengers, During the conduct of integrated flight training, the flight instructor must emphasize to the students that the introduction to the use of flight instruments does not prepare them for operations in marginal weather or instrument meteorological conditions (IMC). The explanation phase is accomplished prior to the flight lesson with a discussion of lesson objectives and completion standards, as well as a thorough preflight briefing. Keep the sterile cockpit "clean." Since flight instructors are a critical part of the aviation safety system, this chapter introduces system safetyaeronautical decision-making (ADM), risk management, situational awareness, and single-pilot resource management (SRM)in the modern flight training environment. [Figure 8-1] The application of outmoded instructional procedures or the preparation of students using obsolete certification requirements is inexcusable. The ability to make effective decisions as PIC depends on a number of factors. This reporter, a commuter pilot who
the danger is that i can appear to be . No distinction in the pilots operation of the flight controls is permitted, regardless of whether outside references or instrument indications are used for the performance of the maneuver. light" that can be illuminated when descending below 10,000 feet and extinguished
dangerous, but it is illegal, as well. In a typical flight lesson, reasonable goals are listed in the lesson objectives and the desired levels of proficiency for the goals are included in statements that contain completion standards, Impatience is a greater deterrent to learning pilot skills than is generally recognized. Based on his original calculations, he believed sufficient fuel remained for the flight home, Fatigue/failure to recognize personal limitationsin the presence of deteriorating weather, the pilot departed for the flight home at 5:00 p.m. When students begin flight training, they bring with them their interests, enthusiasms, fears, and troubles. Craig Levine comes from an airline back ground, and mentioned a particular concern of his. Some situations, such as engine failures, require a pilot to respond immediately using established procedures with little time for detailed analysis. This is especially true during a students first attempt at a particular maneuver. Use ADM to correct faulty approaches and landing errors. During training, CFIs can routinely point out resources to students, Internal resources are found in the flight deck during flight. while the aircraft is involved in taxi, takeoff, landing, and all other flight
by the conversation. This is true no matter how diligently they attempt to apply themselves to the learning task, A minor illness, such as a cold, major illness, or injury, interferes with the normal rate of learning. As pilots, we pride ourselves on the ability to multitask. While demonstrating inflight maneuvers, the instructor should explain the required power settings, aircraft attitudes, and describe any other pertinent factors that may apply. phase of flight except those duties required for the safe operation of
Over the years there have been dozens of air carrier accidents that occurred
And as evidenced by literally
Therefore, in addition to forcing total concentration on the part of the student, this method provides a means for keeping the instructor aware of what the student is thinking. These problems are often due to inadequacies of the course or of the instructor. A certain amount of stress is good since it keeps a person alert and prevents complacency. A series of aircraft accidents caused by flight crews who were distracted from their flight duties during critical phases of the flight caused the FAA to propose the rule. Some reports contained
Preoccupation inside or outside the flight deck while changing aircraft configuration or trim, maneuvering to avoid other traffic, or clearing hazardous obstacles during takeoff and climb could create a potential stall/spin situation. Instructors need to be involved in all aspects of the flight to ensure the student utilizes correct flight procedures. The flight instructor is the only person in a position to make the determination a student is ready for solo operations. As defined in the regulation, critical phases of flight are all ground operations involving taxi, takeoff, and landing, and all other flight operations below 10,000 feet except cruise flight. cockpit rule. This reviewer used the ASRS database
After studying the chart, she concludes there is an airport which has fueling services within a reasonable distance along her route. students should never be allowed to exceed the flight instructors limits. to flying the aircraft. -- possibly even an accident. For example, if a discrepancy is found during preflight, what resources can be used to determine its significance? Other valuable flight deck resources include current aeronautical charts and publications, such as the Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD), It should be pointed out to students that passengers can also be a valuable resource. Performance generally increases with the onset of stress, peaks, and then begins to fall off rapidly as stress levels exceed a persons ability to cope. Officer. Truly, the sterile
Exact interpretation of what constitutes the "sterile zone" is influenced by aircraft type, role, and operating environment. Fortunately I've received some help this month. In aviation, the sterile flight deck rule or sterile cockpit rule is a procedural requirement that during critical phases of flight (normally below 10,000 ft or 3,050 m), only activities required for the safe operation of the aircraft may be carried out by the flight crew, and all non-essential activities in the cockpit are forbidden. Flight Instructors and the Sterile Cockpit Rule These two reports represent the dilemma all flight instructors face when applying the sterile cockpit rule to actual flight instruction. A radio enables the instructor to terminate the solo operation if he or she observes a situation developing. Tension and apprehension apparently contribute to airsickness and should be avoided, Fatigue is one of the most treacherous hazards to flight safety as it may not be apparent to a pilot until serious errors are made. Friends- The weather is warm, the evenings are long, the grandchildren are fun, and I haven't felt like writing. In teaching a skill, the instructor must convey to the students the precise actions they are to perform. After a series
The main responsibility of the Instructor is" "instructor typically teaches subjects that Scouts are eager to learnespecially those such as first aid, camping, and backpackingthat are required for outdoor . Once the instructor loses student confidence, it is difficult to regain, and the learning rate is unnecessarily diminished, Student anxiety may place additional burdens on the instructor. [Figure 8-10], One way of exploring the subject of stress with a student is to recognize when stress is affecting performance. The flight instructor must use good judgment when communicating with a solo student. conversation" does not always have to imply just those persons on board
Applying aviation's sterile cockpit rule may be a useful addition to our clinical practice. instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by. Pilot error means that an action or decision made by the pilot was the cause of, or contributing factor to, the accident. In addition, the student should listen to the Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS), Automated Surface Observing Systems (ASOS), or Automated Weather Observing System (AWOS), if available, and then monitor the tower frequency or Common Traffic Advisory Frequency (CTAF) to get a good idea of what traffic conditions to expect. How far the aircraft rolls (steepness of the bank) depends on how long the ailerons are deflected, since the aircraft continues to roll as long as the ailerons are deflected. The concept is simple. The instructor should be alert during the students practice to detect any errors in technique and to prevent the formation of faulty habits, At the same time, the student should be encouraged to think about what to do during the performance of a maneuver, until it becomes habitual. In spite of the existence of the
cockpit and cabin crew members the captain can politely say, "I think the
Put simply, the 'sterile cockpit' rules forbid any unnecessary actions or conversations taking place in the aircraft cockpit during the most critical parts of the flights. Recommendations also provide assurance that the applicant has had a thorough briefing on the PTS and the associated knowledge areas, maneuvers, and procedures. The instructor should ensure that the student has the ability to recognize a work overload situation. Refer to chapter 5 for an in-depth discussion of the types of assessment available to the flight instructor, An assessment can also be used as a tool for reteaching. Reviewing the appropriate chart and setting radio frequencies well in advance of need helps reduce workload as the flight nears the airport. As a pilot gains experience, he or she will develop a consistent roll-in and roll-out technique for various types of turns. Because their intention was for the student to demonstrate a soft field landing, both pilots expected the stall warning horn they heard. It is easy to determine whether an error is induced by a misconception or by a simple lack of motor skills. Nothing destroys a students interest as quickly as a poorly organized period of instruction. But a valuable
In addition to the necessary steps, the instructor should describe the end result of these efforts. The following reference the US FAR 121.542 and FAR 135.100. This helps the student develop good off-field landings techniques. Practice the "see and avoid" concept at all times regardless of whether the training is conducted under VFR or instrument flight rules (IFR). A well designed assessment provides a student with something constructive upon which he or she can work or build. The report cited the pilot and co-pilot for poor
For example, when en route, the student can be asked to explain the actions that need to be taken during the approach to the airport. An instructional flight should be terminated as soon as incipient sickness is experienced. Additional information can be obtained from veteran flight instructors. Since some of the most valuable internal resources are ingenuity, knowledge, and skill, pilots can expand flight deck resources immensely by improving their capabilities. an airport. The Sterile Cockpit/Flight Deck concept involves the restriction of flight crew member activity to that which is operationally essential during busy phases of flight - taxi out, take off, initial climb, intermediate and final approach, landing, and taxi in. Once an emergency is declared, air traffic control (ATC) gives the pilot priority handling. communications between the cabin and cockpit crews, and reading publications
Flying for long periods in hot summer temperatures or at high altitudes increases susceptibility to dehydration since dry air at high altitudes tends to increase the rate of water loss from the body. For example, failure of a landing-gear-extended light to illuminate could indicate that the gear is not down and locked into place or it could mean the bulb is burned out. It is difficult for students to learn a maneuver properly if they seldom have the opportunity to correct an error, On the other hand, students may perform a procedure or maneuver correctly and not fully understand the principles and objectives involved. Disinterest grows rapidly when unnecessary repetition and drill are requested on operations that have already been adequately learned, Worry or lack of interest has a detrimental effect on learning. Instructor responsibilities include teaching the student to divide his or her attention between the distracting task and maintaining control of the aircraft. Stalls, landings, or an impending solo flight may cause concern. Passengers can help watch for traffic and may be able to provide information in an irregular situation, especially if they are familiar with flying. Since students generally imitate the instructors performance, the instructor must demonstrate the skill exactly the way the students are expected to practice it, including all safety procedures that the students must follow. During the preflight briefing the
Maintain coordinated flight by applying rudder in the direction of the turn, Remember, the ailerons control the roll rate, as well as the angle of bank. When the instructor suspects this, students should be required to vary the performance of the maneuver slightly, combine it with other operations, or apply the same elements to the performance of other maneuvers. disobeying the rule is not intentional. This is especially important for flight instruction. As discussed in chapters 4 and 5, SBT uses a highly structured script of real-world experiences to address aviation training objectives in an operational environment. Copyright SKYbrary Aviation Safety, 2021-2023. The regulations are carefully worded to apportion the responsibility of keeping the cockpit "sterile." During all phases of flight training, CFIs should remember they are role models for the student. If the student bounces an airplane on landing, teach the student to make an immediate go around. She also contacts the nearest AFSS to amend her flight plan and check weather conditions at the new destination. Fixating on a problem that does not exist can divert the pilots attention from important tasks. Additional information on recommendations and endorsements can be found in Appendix E, Flight Instructor Endorsements, Remember that students learning is sometimes subject to their environment, Be sure to provide challenges such as crosswinds in training before they see it on their checkride, or potentially worse, as a brand new pilot with passengers. The sterile cockpit rule was designed
Failure to do so lengthens the flight instruction necessary for the student to achieve the competency required for a private pilot certificate. it clearly defines when it is time to set aside non-essential activities and
It's no secret. Discouragement and emotional upsets are rare when students feel that nothing is being withheld from them or is being neglected in their training, Physical discomfort, illness, and fatigue will materially slow the rate of learning during both classroom instruction and flight training. If students do not fully understand how to use the equipment, or if they rely on it so much that they become complacent, it can become a detriment to safe flight. Although doing so may be difficult at first, successive accomplishment of recognizable goals and the avoidance of alarming occurrences or situations will rapidly ease the students mind. If, due to some unanticipated circumstances, the demonstration does not closely conform to the explanation, this deviation should be immediately acknowledged and explained, Most physical skills lend themselves to a sequential pattern where the skill is explained in the same step-by-step order normally used to perform it. He was forced to land at the nearest airfield available, On numerous occasions during the flight, the pilot could have made decisions which may have prevented this incident, However, as the chain of events unfolded, each poor decision left him with fewer and fewer options. Two reports demonstrated that a cockpit
Sterile Cockpit Rule. that flight attendant calls or entry during this time be undertaken only for
runway! Establishing the following procedure during initial training will ensure the formation of a habit pattern that should stay with students throughout their flying careers, During flight training, there must always be a clear understanding between students and flight instructors about who has control of the aircraft. With the increased use of two-crew member cockpits this consideration is increasingly
If you want the pool skills, get the pool drills! Keeping the flight deck well ventilated aids in dissipating excess heat, Students can become apathetic when they recognize that the instructor has made inadequate preparations for the instruction being given, or when the instruction appears to be deficient, contradictory, or insincere. These regulations are comprehensive, but there has been increasing recognition that even the strictest compliance with regulations may not be sufficient to guarantee safety. A flight instructor who makes a practical test recommendation for an applicant seeking a certificate or rating should require the applicant to demonstrate thoroughly the knowledge and skill level required for that certificate or rating. The causes of stress for a pilot can range from unexpected weather or mechanical problems while in flight to personal issues unrelated to flying. Traditional pilot instruction has emphasized flying skills, knowledge of the aircraft, and familiarity with regulations. Fatigue is the primary consideration in determining the length and frequency of flight instruction periods and flight instruction should be continued only as long as the student is alert, receptive to instruction, and is performing at a level consistent with experience, It is important for a CFI to be able to detect fatigue, both in assessing a students substandard performance early in a lesson, and also in recognizing the deterioration of performance. After an intensive look at ADM, it closes with a discussion of CFI recommendations and endorsements, A CFI must be thoroughly familiar with the functions, characteristics, and proper use of all flight instruments, avionics, and other aircraft systems being used for training. instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by. This is by far the most important flight instructor responsibility. Signing this recommendation imposes a serious responsibility on the flight instructor. With potentially hazardous or difficult maneuvers, the instructor should be alert and ready to take control at any time. Aspiring instructors should be prepared to specialise and dedicate their careers to the field of training, leaving others to management and operational leadership. It is important that students be given an opportunity to perform the skill as soon as possible after a demonstration, Then, the instructor reviews what has been covered during the instructional flight and determines to what extent the student has met the objectives outlined during the preflight discussion. On the positive side, the pilot made a precautionary landing at a time and place of his choosing. During the postflight evaluation, collaborative assessment is used to evaluate whether certain learning criteria were met during the SBT, Collaborative assessment includes learner self-assessment and a detailed assessment by the aviation instructor. same way about their crew members. because our cruise altitude was 8000 feet, and we were accustomed to conversation
Providing a solo endorsement for a student who is not fully prepared to accept the responsibility for solo flight operations, or providing an endorsement for an additional rating to a pilot not meeting the appropriate regulatory requirements, is also a breach of faith with the applicant, As discussed on page 8-2, aviation training and flight operations are now seen as a system rather than individual concepts. If the student has been adequately prepared and the procedure or maneuver fully explained and demonstrated, meaningful learning occurs. The overall focus of flight training should be on education, learning, and understanding why the standards are there and how they were set. After an intensive look at ADM with suggestions for how to interweave ADM, risk management, and SRM into the teaching process, it closes with a discussion of CFI recommendations. Several reports we examined indicate
Duties such as company required calls made for such non safety related purposes as ordering galley supplies and confirming passenger connections, announcements made to passengers promoting the air carrier or pointing out sights of interest, and filling out company payroll and related records are not required for the safe operation of the aircraft. often has cruise altitudes below 10,000 feet MSL, offers a similar worthwhile
This is true of all flight students, but special handling by the instructor may be required for students who are obviously anxious or uncomfortable, The demonstration-performance training delivery method was discussed briefly in Chapter 4, The Teaching Process, but the following in-depth discussion is geared to the flight instructor. to find specific examples of problems related to non-compliance with the sterile
According to one definition, safety is the freedom from conditions that can cause death, injury, or illness; damage to/loss of equipment or property, or damage to the environment.FAA regulations are intended to promote safety by eliminating or mitigating conditions that can cause death, injury, or damage. As the student develops immunity, flights can be increased in length until normal flight periods are practicable, Keeping students interested and occupied during flight is a deterrent to airsickness. An implicit prerequisite for the evidence-based transfer of such a concept to the clinical domain, however, is the clear definition of periods of high mental workload. The ability to ride on an air carrier's
here to go to FAR 121.542 and 135.100. Studies have identified five hazardous attitudes that can affect a pilots ability to make sound decisions and exercise authority properly. He also finds charts and a lesson plan he can use. Simultaneously begin releasing the back pressure so aileron, rudder, and elevator pressures are neutralized when the aircraft reaches the wings-level position, Leading the roll-out heading by one-half the bank angle is a good rule of thumb for initial training. By discussing the events that led to this incident, instructors can help students understand how a series of judgmental errors contributed to the final outcome of this flight: Weather decisionon the morning of the flight, the pilot was running late and, having acquired a computer printout of the forecast the night before, he did not obtain a briefing from flight service before his departure, Flight planning decision/performance chartthe pilot calculated total fuel requirements for the trip based on a rule-of-thumb figure he had used previously for another airplane. Recognising and minimising distraction should improve patient safety. To fully achieve the demonstrated benefits of this type of training, the use of visual and instrument references must be constantly integrated throughout the training. On the one hand, we're taught a good flight instructor is supposed to be able to fly and talk simultaneously. (ACN 173707). about five nautical miles from the airport. A student may show an initial tendency to move the bar in the direction of the desired turn. The rate at which the aircraft rolls depends on how much aileron deflection is used. instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by; 29 Jun 22; ricotta cheese factory in melbourne; instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept byis sonny barger still alive in 2020 Daniels decision to help Mary develop personal weather minimums reflects a key component of the flight instructors job: providing the student with the tools to ensure safety during a flight. Penal Code 9.31 discusses the use of non-deadly force and 9.32 discusses the use of deadly force. A positive three-step process in the exchange of flight controls between pilots is a proven procedure and one that is strongly recommended. Rules and regulations are designed to address known or suspected conditions detrimental to safety, but there is always the probability that some new combination of circumstances not contemplated by the regulations will arise, The recognition of aviation training and flight operations as a system led to a "system approach" to aviation safety. surprised when they lined up with the wrong runway -- and doubly surprised when
Creating the impression of talking down to the student is one of the fastest ways for an instructor to lose student confidence and attention. instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by. related to flight safety, it's in violation with the sterile cockpit rule. This training method has been in use for a long time and is very effective in teaching kinesthetic skills so flight instructors find it valuable in teaching procedures and maneuvers. Aircraft speed and control take precedence over all other actions during landings and takeoffs, Stress landing in the first third of the runway to ensure there is stopping distance for the aircraft. Communication is the key. Look at how extraneous chatter with air traffic controllers introduced
The most effective training is the simulation of scenarios that can lead to inadvertent stalls by creating distractions while the student is practicing certain maneuvers.