Sa propre carrière souffre de la renommée de son père. A l’âge de 18 ans, Hegel entre au séminaire de Tübingen pour poursuivre ses études universitaires. [110], Hegel identified as an orthodox Lutheran and believed his philosophy was consistent with Christianity. (Hegel has been seen in the twentieth century as the originator of the thesis, antithesis, synthesis triad,[34] but as an explicit phrase it originated with Johann Gottlieb Fichte. On the left, it became the foundation for Karl Marx's civil society as an economic base;[101] to the right, it became a description for all non-state (and the state is the peak of the objective spirit) aspects of society, including culture, society and politics. He is considered one of the fundamental figures of modern Western philosophy, with his influence extending to the entire range of contemporary philosophical issues, from aesthetics to ontology to politics, both in the analytic and continental tradition. Quand Napoléon arrive à Iéna, son poste à l’université s’interrompt et il prit alors la tête d’un journal sis à Bamberg suite à une offre émise par son ami, Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer. Kaufmann also pointed out that Hegel's references to God or to the divine and spirit drew on classical Greek as well as Christian connotations of the terms. Two prominent American philosophers, John McDowell and Robert Brandom (sometimes referred to as the "Pittsburgh Hegelians"), have produced philosophical works with a marked Hegelian influence. 2, Die Lehre vom Wesen by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. The individual has "substantial freedom in the state". The physicians pronounced the cause of death as cholera, but it is likely he died from another gastrointestinal disease. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa moralitas dalam pandangan Hegel adalah sintesa antara hukum It is indeed a wonderful sensation to see such an individual, who, concentrated here at a single point, astride a horse, reaches out over the world and masters it. Because every concept is a composite of contraries (value is black and white, temperature is hot and cold, etc. Each new logic book staked a new claim in a century-long expansionist turf war among philosophical trends.[79]. Ce dernier a eu une sœur, Christiane qui a été internée en asile psychiatrique et un jeune frère, Ludwig qui a trouvé la mort durant la campagne de Russie. This contradiction leads to the dissolution of the thing or idea in the simple form in which it presented to a higher-level, more complex thing or idea that more adequately incorporates the contradiction. [84] Others, such as Hans-Georg Gadamer, believe that Hegel's course in the Logic is determined primarily by the associations of ordinary words in the German language. [125] After less than a generation, Hegel's philosophy was banned by the Prussian right-wing and was firmly rejected by the left-wing in multiple official writings. Schopenhauer, Arthur. Marheineke ... et al. This eternity of Spirit in itself means that Spirit is, to begin with, potential; but the next standpoint implies that Spirit ought to be what it is in its essential and complete nature, in-and-for-itself. [137] Regarding Hegel's interpretation of history, Russell commented: "Like other historical theories, it required, if it was to be made plausible, some distortion of facts and considerable ignorance". A number of other works on the philosophy of history, religion, aesthetics and the history of philosophy[123] were compiled from the lecture notes of his students and published posthumously. Like Plato, with his dualism of soul versus bodily appetites, Kant pursued the mind's ability to question its felt inclinations or appetites and to come up with a standard of "duty" (or, in Plato's case, "good") which transcends bodily restrictiveness. Il y apprend les mathématiques, la philologie, la physique, l’histoire et la philosophie. Hegel's concept of Aufhebung, by which parts are preserved and repurposed within the whole, anticipates the concept of emergence in contemporary systems theory and evolutionary biology. The Right Hegelians, the allegedly direct disciples of Hegel at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, advocated a Protestant orthodoxy and the political conservatism of the post-Napoleon Restoration period. [129] No Hegelians of the period ever referred to themselves as "Right Hegelians", which was a term of insult originated by David Strauss, a self-styled Left Hegelian. [148], Voegelin argued that Hegel should be understood not as a philosopher, but as a "sorcerer", i.e. Retrouvez Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. In Reason and Revolution (1941), Herbert Marcuse made the case for Hegel as a revolutionary and criticized Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse's thesis that Hegel was a totalitarian. En 1811, il épouse Marie von Tucher avec qui, il eut deux fils : Karl Hegel et Immanuel Hegel. Hegel wrote that, ...profounder insight into the antinomial, or more truly into the dialectical nature of reason demonstrates any Concept [Begriff] whatsoever to be a unity of opposed elements [Momente] to which, therefore, the form of antinomial assertions could be given.[82]. However, Hegel interprets not-A as not existing at all, not nothing at all, which cannot be conceived, but an indeterminate or "pure" being without particularity or specificity. [134] The Hegel renaissance also highlighted the significance of Hegel's early works (i.e. Il y apprend les mathématiques, la philologie, la physique, l’histoire et la philosophie. It was written in Hegel's hand, but may have been authored by Hegel, Schelling, Hölderlin, or an unknown fourth person.[67]. Just as humans continually correct their concept of reality through a dialectical process, God becomes more fully manifested through the dialectical process of becoming. [142] In a similar vein, Robert Pippin notes that some view Hegel as having "the ugliest prose style in the history of the German language". Kant spoke of Entstehen (coming-to-be) and Vergehen (ceasing-to-be), the same two terms that Hegel used to refer to the two compositional elements of Werden (becoming). as a mystic and hermetic thinker. At the age of eighteen, Hegel entered the Tübinger Stift (a Protestant seminary attached to the University of Tübingen), where he had as roommates the poet and philosopher Friedrich Hölderlin and the future philosopher Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling. [149] This concept of Hegel as a hermetic thinker was elaborated by Glenn Alexander Magee,[150] who argued that interpreting Hegel's body of work as an expression of mysticism and hermetic ideas leads to a more accurate understanding of Hegel. [59]:80 While in Frankfurt, Hegel composed the essay "Fragments on Religion and Love". [68][69][70] Unbeknownst to Hegel, Giuseppe Piazzi had discovered the minor planet Ceres within that orbit on 1 January 1801. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Nothing great in the world was accomplished without passion. The State subsumes family and civil society and fulfills them. those written before The Phenomenology of Spirit). To his chagrin, Fries was, in the same year, made Ordinary Professor (salaried).[59]:224–25. Authors he read include the poet Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock and writers associated with the Enlightenment, such as Christian Garve and Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. "[81], So how are the categories derived? An individual's "supreme duty is to be a member of the state" (Elements of the Philosophy of Right, section 258). For Hegel, analysis or comprehension of a thing or idea reveals that underneath its apparently simple identity or unity is an underlying inner contradiction. A partir de 1793, Hegel est précepteur dans la famille du capitaine Karl Friedrich von Steiger où il est chargé de l’éducation de deux petits garçons de 6 et 8 ans. "[91] Hegel went so far as to include the concept of life as a category in his Science of Logic, likely inspired by Aristotle's emphasis on teleology, as well as Kant's treatment of Naturzweck (natural purposiveness) in the Critique of Judgment. (ed. Ce dernier, avant de le rejoindre, lui trouve un emploi de précepteur à Francfort-sur-le-Main dans la famille de Johann Noë Gogel. That history should resemble this dialectic indicated to Hegel that history is something rational. It profoundly impacted many future philosophical schools, including those opposed to Hegel's specific dialectical idealism, such as existentialism, the historical materialism of Marx, historism and British Idealism. In Hegel's draft manuscripts written during his time at the University of Jena, his notion of "Geist" was tightly bound to the notion of "Aether", from which he also derived the concepts of space and time, but in his later works (after Jena) he did not explicitly use his old notion of "Aether". [140] Kierkegaard criticized Hegel's "absolute knowledge" unity. The State is "objective spirit" so "it is only through being a member of the state that the individual himself has objectivity, truth, and ethical life" (section 258). Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegels Werke vollstandige Ausgabe durch einen Verein von Freunden des Verewigten Ph. Il est connu, aujourd’hui encore, pour avoir développé une philosophie systématique et encyclopédique issue d’une idée logique. Ein dynamisches Inhaltsverzeichnis ermöglicht den direkten Zugriff auf die verschiedenen Abschnitte. Scholars continue to point out Hegelian influences in a range of theoretical and/or learned works, such as Carl von Clausewitz's book on strategic thought, On War (1831). En 1790, il obtient sa maîtrise en philosophie. Quand plus tard, ce dernier lui propose d’enseigner au lycée de Nuremberg, il accepte de suite. Heraclitus did not form any abstract nouns from his ordinary use of "to be" and "to become" and seemed to oppose any identity A to any other identity B, C and so on, which is not-A. [141] The physicist and philosopher Ludwig Boltzmann also criticized the obscure complexity of Hegel's works, referring to Hegel's writing as an "unclear thoughtless flow of words". With his finances drying up quickly, Hegel was under great pressure to deliver his book, the long-promised introduction to his philosophical system. Tout au long de son existence, il prendra soin de son éducation. Son séjour en Suisse a fait naître en lui un sentiment d’isolement même s’il continuait de correspondre avec Höderlin. 28 x 20 de 334 pp. Le jeune Hegel a fait sa première scolarité au Gymnasium de Stuttgart. Indeed, "logic" in the field of nineteenth-century continental philosophy takes on a range of meanings from "metaphysics" to "theory of science," from "critical epistemology" to "first philosophy." (Unabridged) 2017 Einleitung in die Philosophie des Geistes. Marheineke ... et al. [102] For Hegel, Heraclitus's great achievements were to have understood the nature of the infinite, which for Hegel includes understanding the inherent contradictoriness and negativity of reality; and to have grasped that reality is becoming or process and that "being" and "nothingness" are empty abstractions. It is rational because the same, underlying, logical, developmental order underlies every domain of reality and self-conscious rational thought, although only in the later stages of development does it come to full self-consciousness. Hegel, at this time, envisaged his future as that of a Popularphilosoph, (a "man of letters") who serves to make the abstruse ideas of philosophers accessible to a wider public; his own felt need to engage critically with the central ideas of Kantianism did not come until 1800. the constitutional state of free citizens). p. 100, In the 1870s and 1880s, Rev. She died of bilious fever (Gallenfieber) when Hegel was thirteen. The idea of the absolute excludes multiplicity so the subjective and objective must achieve synthesis to become whole. He was, therefore, glad to become editor of the Bamberger Zeitung (1807–08). [citation needed]. Nevertheless, Hegel assumed that his readers are well-versed in Western philosophy. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. In accounts of Hegelianism formed prior to the Hegel renaissance, Hegel's dialectic was often characterized as a three-step process, "thesis, antithesis, synthesis"; a "thesis" (e.g. the subjective side of knowledge and will, with its life, movement, and activity" (thesis and antithesis), he did not use "synthesis", but instead spoke of the "Whole": "We then recognised the State as the moral Whole and the Reality of Freedom, and consequently as the objective unity of these two elements". ... de Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich: ISBN: 9781143244490 sur amazon.fr, des millions de livres livrés chez vous en 1 jour Kant imported Plato's high esteem of individual sovereignty into his considerations of moral and noumenal freedom as well as of God. Use the Admin widget page to populate the sidebar. besorgten Originaldruckes im Faksimileverfahren neu herausgegeben von Hermann Glockner et des millions de livres en stock sur Amazon.fr. Noté /5: Achetez Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's Werke: Vollstandige Ausgrabe Durch Einen Verein Von Freunden Des Vere Wigten: D. PH. The essential nature of being-for-itself is that it is free "in itself;" it does not depend on anything else for its being. Ensemble, ils fondent le Journal critique de philosophie qui n’est resté ouvert qu’entre 1802 et 1803. Johan Ludvig Heiberg: Philosopher, Littérateur, Dramaturge, and Political Thinker. A diverse range of individuals including Arthur Schopenhauer, Karl Marx, Søren Kierkegaard, Friedrich Nietzsche, Bertrand Russell, G. E. Moore, Franz Rosenzweig, Eric Voegelin and A. J. Ayer have challenged Hegelian philosophy from a variety of perspectives. Museum Tusculanum Press. [73] Although Napoleon chose not to close down Jena as he had other universities, the city was devastated and students deserted it in droves, making Hegel's financial prospects even worse. Rather than simply rejecting Kant's dualism of freedom versus nature, Hegel aims to subsume it within "true infinity", the "Concept" (or "Notion": Begriff), "Spirit" and "ethical life" in such a way that the Kantian duality is rendered intelligible, rather than remaining a brute "given". In 1818, Hegel accepted the renewed offer of the chair of philosophy at the University of Berlin, which had remained vacant since Johann Gottlieb Fichte's death in 1814. This research program took on new meaning with the 1781 publication of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. The eternity of spirit is here brought into consciousness, and is found in this reasoned knowledge, in this very separation, which has reached the infinitude of being-for-self, and which is no longer entangled in what is natural, contingent, and external. Hegel was fascinated by the works of Kant, Rousseau and Johann Wolfgang Goethe and by the French Revolution. Hegel's influence was immense in philosophy and other sciences. Hegel's categories are, in part, carried over from his Lectures on the History of Philosophy. God rises again to life, and thus things are reversed". T. R. Vickroy and Susan E. Blow—who were both minor associates of the St. Louis Hegelians—independently of each other translated various chapters from Göschel's book into English, and had their translations published in. Also in 1797, the unpublished and unsigned manuscript of "The Oldest Systematic Program of German Idealism" was written. In 1802, Schelling and Hegel founded the journal Kritische Journal der Philosophie (Critical Journal of Philosophy) to which they contributed until the collaboration ended when Schelling left for Würzburg in 1803. The infinitude of spirit is its inwardness, in an abstract sense its pure inwardness, and this is its thought, and this abstract thought is a real present infinitude, while its concrete inwardness consists in the fact that this thought is Spirit. Hegel lived his first three years in Nuremberg. Spirit, as possessed of freedom, does not belong to the sphere of things limited; it, as being what thinks and knows in an absolute way, has the universal for its object; this is eternity, which is not simply duration, as duration can be predicated of mountains, but knowledge. All greatly admired Hellenic civilization and Hegel additionally steeped himself in Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Lessing during this time. [143] Russell wrote in A History of Western Philosophy (1945) that Hegel was "the hardest to understand of all the great philosophers". [126], According to Walter Kaufmann, the basic idea of Hegel's works, especially the Phenomenology of Spirit, is that a philosopher should not "confine him or herself to views that have been held but penetrate these to the human reality they reflect". Søren Kierkegaard Concluding Unscientific Postscriptt. Martin Heidegger (trans. In 1805, the university promoted Hegel to the position of Extraordinary Professor (unsalaried) after he wrote a letter to the poet and minister of culture Johann Wolfgang Goethe protesting the promotion of his philosophical adversary Jakob Friedrich Fries ahead of him. And although the Logic's table of contents minimally resembles Kant's table of categories, the four headings of Kant's table (quantity, quality, relation, and modality) do not play, in Hegel's dialectic, the organizational role that Kant had in mind for them, and Hegel ultimately faulted Kant for copying the table of judgments from the "modern compendiums of logic" whose subject matter is, Hegel said, in need of "total reconstruction. Within this work, the category of life is conceived to be the absolute idea in the form of the subjective concept; an illustrative contrast may be seen in contrasting this with how the category of cognition is thought as being the absolute idea in the form of the judgement. Part of his remit was to teach a class called "Introduction to Knowledge of the Universal Coherence of the Sciences", Hegel developed the idea of an encyclopedia of the philosophical sciences, falling into three parts: logic, philosophy of nature and philosophy of spirit. [112][113][114], Hegel conceived of the immortality of the soul in the following manner in reference to Christianity:[115][116], Thus the immortality of the soul must not be represented as first entering the sphere of reality only at a later stage; it is the actual present quality of spirit; spirit is eternal, and for this reason is already present. Hegel was appointed University Rector of the University in October 1829, but his term ended in September 1830. 2008. A partir de 1805, il a épuisé son héritage et connaît des difficultés financières. Prix : 128 DM. This view, sometimes referred to as the "non-metaphysical option", has influenced many major English-language studies of Hegel. [60] Hegel had a sister, Christiane Luise (1773–1832); and a brother, Georg Ludwig (1776–1812), who perished as an officer during Napoleon's 1812 Russian campaign. This sparked a renewed interest in Hegel reflected in the work of Herbert Marcuse, Theodor W. Adorno, Ernst Bloch, Raya Dunayevskaya, Alexandre Kojève and Gotthard Günther among others. According to Hegel, this unity evolved through and manifested itself in contradiction and negation. being–nothingness–becoming, immediate–mediate–concrete and abstract–negative–concrete) is about this movement from inner contradiction to higher-level integration or unification. Il était un élève modèle et intelligent. [in itself]....A child, in Hegel's example, is thus 'in itself' the adult it will become: to know what a 'child' is means to know that it is, in some respects, a vacancy which will only gain content after it has grown out of childhood. [59]:4, At the age of three, Hegel went to the German School. However, Hegel himself describes the system as a "circle of circles:", ...the science presents itself as a circle that winds around itself, where the mediation winds the end back to the beginning which is the simple ground; the circle is thus a circle of circles, for each single member ensouled by the method is reflected into itself so that, in returning to the beginning it is at the same time the beginning of a new member.[92]. Hegel and his father also caught the disease, but they narrowly survived. the Reign of Terror that followed) and would result in a "synthesis" (e.g. So he, too, sometimes spoke of God and, more often, of the divine; and because he occasionally took pleasure in insisting that he was really closer to this or that Christian tradition than some of the theologians of his time, he has sometimes been understood to have been a Christian. [30][31], Hegel's principal achievement was his development of a distinctive articulation of idealism, sometimes termed absolute idealism,[32] in which the dualisms of, for instance, mind and nature and subject and object are overcome. For Hegel, the inner movement of reality is the process of God thinking as manifested in the evolution of the universe of nature and thought; Hegel argued that, when fully understood, reality is being thought by God as manifested in a person's comprehension of this process. Philosophy of Fine Art by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel: The Complete Work Plus an Overview, Chapter by Chapter Summary and Author Biography! Il fut un acteur majeur de l’idéalisme allemand et est aujourd’hui encore, un personnage influent de la philosophie contemporaine. [75]:207–208, In 1819–1827, he made two trips to Weimar, where he met Goethe, and to Brussels, the Northern Netherlands, Leipzig, Vienna, Prague, and Paris.[76]. Soumettez aussi vos textes vos poèmes, aux lecteurs. Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Bagaimana George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel menjawab pergolakan pemikiran tentang konsep Moral, serta Bagaimana pula Konsep Moral dalam Pandangan Islam. Même s’il les maîtrisait bien, il se passionnait particulièrement pour les tragédies grecques, la botanique et la physique. Son œuvre est l'une des plus représentatives de l'Idéalisme allemand et a eu une influence décisive sur l'ensemble de la philosophie du XXe siècle. En 1807, son fils naturel, Ludwig naît. p. 1. Throughout the 19th century, many chairs of philosophy around Europe were held by Hegelians and Søren Kierkegaard, Ludwig Feuerbach, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels—among many others—were deeply influenced by, but also strongly opposed to many of Hegel's central philosophical themes. Spirit must reflect upon itself, and in this way disunion arises, it must not remain at the point at which it is seen not to be what it is potentially, but must become adequate to its Concept, it must become universal Spirit. [76] In August 1831, a cholera epidemic reached Berlin and Hegel left the city, taking up lodgings in Kreuzberg. In a separate Canadian context, James Doull's philosophy is deeply Hegelian. In 1801, Hegel came to Jena at the encouragement of his old friend Schelling, who held the position of Extraordinary Professor at the University of Jena. For example: Parmenides took pure being to be the absolute; Gorgias replaced it with pure nothing; Heraclitus replaced both being and nothing with becoming (which is a unity of two contraries: coming-to-be and ceasing-to-be).

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